Spatial Patterns of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Analysing Rainfall Patterns in Visual Formation

Management sustainability related tuberculosis patient treatment was limited. Tuberculosis analysis was still in the form of data aggregation. This is cross sectional survey using geographical information system, analyzed by descriptive methods, the sample included 162 pulmonary tuberrculosis patient in 2014. The variables were pulmonary tuberrculosis patients and isohyet data. Mycrobacterium tuberculosis will be survive and multiply during rainy season. Rainfall data was an increasing pattern from first quarter to fourth quarter in 2014, however data in 2011, 2012 and 2013, which each quarter was largely experiencing sustained increase and decline. Pulmonary tuberrculosis patients were most prevalent in 2014. It was increase in the rainy season. The most high rainfall intensity (> 2400 mm) in east of Lendah and western of Kokap areas, while the lowest intensity (< 1500 mm) in east of Nanggulan, in the south of Panjatan and Galur areas. It was mostly located in areas with high rainfall intensity (2200 - 2400 mm) which spreads and stretches in Sentolo, Wates, and Panjatan areas. Pulmonary tuberrculosis occurred over the rainy season. Spatial pattern distribution of pulmonary tuberrculosis patients in high rainfall intensity spreads and stretches from east to west areas. Active case monitoring program should be performed by tuberculosis program that concerned in areas of high rainfall intensity

Trends and oscillations in the Indian summer monsoon rainfall over the last two millennia

Observations show that summer rainfall over large parts of South Asia has declined over the past five to six decades. It remains unclear, however, whether this trend is due to natural variability or increased anthropogenic aerosol loading over South Asia. Here we use stable oxygen isotopes in speleothems from northern India to reconstruct variations in Indian monsoon rainfall over the last two millennia. We find that within the long-term context of our record, the current drying trend is not outside the envelope of monsoon’s oscillatory variability, albeit at the lower edge of this variance. Furthermore, the magnitude of multi-decadal oscillatory variability in monsoon rainfall inferred from our proxy record is comparable to model estimates of anthropogenic-forced trends of mean monsoon rainfall in the 21st century under various emission scenarios. Our results suggest that anthropogenic forced changes in monsoon rainfall will remain difficult to detect against a backdrop of large natural variability