Ceratocystis larium sp. nov., a new species from Styrax benzoin wounds associated with incense harvesting in Indonesia

Styrax benzoin trees, native to the island Sumatra, Indonesia are wounded to produce resin that is collected and burned as incense. These wounds on trees commonly develop into expanding cankers that lead to tree death. The aim of this study was to consider whether Ophiostomatoid fungi, typically associated with wounds on trees might be associated with resin harvesting on S. benzoin. Samples were collected from the edges of artificially induced wounds, and particularly where cankers and staining of the vascular tissue was evident. Tissue samples were incubated in moist chambers and carrot baiting was also used to detect the presence of Ceratocystis spp. Fruiting structures with morphology typical of species in the C. fimbriata s.l. species complex and species in the anamorph genus Thielaviopsis were found, on both the incubated wood and the carrot baits. DNA sequences were generated for the Internal Transcribed Spacer regions 1 and 2 including the 5.8S rRNA gene, part of the β-tubulin and the Transcription Elongation Factor 1-α gene regions. These data were compared with those of other species in the C. fimbriata s.l. species complex and Thielaviopsis using phylogenetic analysis. Morphology of the isolates in culture as well as phylogenetic inference showed that the Thielaviopsis sp. present on the wounds was T. basicola. The Ceratocystis sp. from S. benzoin represents a new taxon in the C. fimbriata s.l. complex described here as C. larium sp. nov

Declínio e morte de plantas de videira.

Introdução. Aspectos da etiologia, taxonomia e biologia de agentes causadores. Sintomas. Disseminação. Parasitismo, sobrevivência e ambiente. Controle.bitstream/item/83248/1/doc082.pd

Leaf scorch decline of coconut

What is recognised as "leaf scorch decline" of coconut is a disorder the cause of which unknown. It occurs in the Gonapinuwela-Baddegama Elpitiya area, in the southern procince of Ceylon. The most characteristic symptoms of "leaf scorch decline" are a necrosis on the leaves root decay and reduction in nut production. Fusarium spp. and Celindrocarpon sp. appear to be associated with root decay. Present investigations suggest that the disorder is more privelant in areas where the soil affords a physical barrier to root penetration and where the soil is badly drained. This paper gives and account of the work carried to for

A phylogenetic analysis of Ceratocystis and Chalara

Ceratocystis sensu stricto is a genus of plant pathogenic pyrenomycetes with ascospores dispersed by insects. All Ceratocystis species have Chalara anamorphs and the genus Ceratocystis has been placed within the Microascales. We conclude in the second chapter, using sequences from the small subunit and the large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA, that Ceratocystis sensu stricto can not be confidently placed within the Microascales or Phyllachorales. In the third chapter, using the same genes, we determine that the genus Chalara is polyphyletic with six Chalara species placed within Ceratocystis and another group of sixteen Chalara species placed near the Leotiales. In the fourth and final chapter, we conclude using sequences from the large subunit and the internal transcribed spacer region, that the four Chalara species placed within Ceratocystis sensu stricto constitute a monophyletic, asexual lineage within Ceratocystis. The genus Thielaviopsis Went is emended to include all Chalara associated with Ceratoeystis

Reconsidering species boundaries in the Ceratocystis paradoxa complex, including a new species from oil palm and cacao in Cameroon

The Ceratocystis paradoxa complex accommodates a group of fungal pathogens that have become specialized to infect mostly monocotyledonous plants. Four species currently are recognized in this group, including C. paradoxa, which has a widespread distribution and broad host range. In this study, multigene phylogenetic analyses involving sequences of the ITS, β- tubulin and TEF-1α gene loci, in combination with phenotypic and mating studies, were used to characterize purported C. paradoxa isolates from Cameroon and to compare them with isolates from elsewhere, including protologs and type specimens of known species. We show that the C. paradoxa complex comprises substantially greater species diversity than previously recognized. One new species in this group is described from Cameroon as Ceratocystis Cerberus, while C. paradoxa sensu. stricto (s. str.) and four other species are redefined. Lectotypes are designated for C. ethacetica and Endoconidium fragrans (synonym of C. ethacetica), while epitypes are designated for C. paradoxa s. str., C. ethacetica and C. musarum. A neotype was designated for Catenularia echinata (synonym of C. ethacetica) and two species, previously treated in Thielaviopsis, are transferred to Ceratocystis.The Department of Corporate International Affairs of the University of Pretoria, members of the Tree Protection Cooperative Programme (TPCP) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST)/National Research Foundation (NRF) Center of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHB).http://www.mycologia.org/am201

Patogenicidad de hongos asociados a Rosellinia necatrix Prill., en la pudrición de raíz en Rosa sp.

A nivel nacional, el Estado de México es uno de los principales productores de rosa, distribuyéndose la mayor producción en los municipios de Tenancingo, Villa Guerrero y Coatepec Harinas. Este cultivo puede ser afectado por más de un patógeno en el área radicular, los cuales en conjunto pueden contribuir al desarrollo de una misma enfermedad dificultando la efectividad de los métodos de manejo; por lo anterior se planteó como objetivo determinar la patogenicidad de los dos hongos asociados a Rosellinia necatrix, aislados de raíces de plantas de Rosa sp., en el municipio de Tenancingo, Estado de México. De acuerdo a la identificación morfológica los dos hongos asociados a R. necatrix se identificaron como Fusarium oxysporum y Ophiostoma stenoceras. Se determinó la patogenicidad de R. necatrix, F. oxysporum y O. stenoceras, inoculados individualmente y en asociación en plantas de Rosa sp., variedad Royal Baccara injertadas en patrón Manetti. El experimento se realizó bajo un diseño factorial, con ocho tratamientos y 16 repeticiones, los datos se analizaron con el programa InfoStat. Se presentó incidencia del 100 % en los tratamientos donde se inoculó R. necatrix (T3) y en asociación con O. stenoceras (T6) y/o F. oxysporum (T5); mientras que cuando se inocularon los tres hongos juntos (T7) esta fue del 93.8 %. Por otro lado al inocular en asociación a O. stenoceras y F. oxysporum (T4) la incidencia fue del 18.8 %, mientras que inoculado individualmente O. stenoceras (T1) presentó incidencia del 6.3 %. En el tratamiento donde se inoculó a F. oxysporum (T2) y el testigo (T8) no se manifestaron daños durante todo el periodo de evaluación. Los primeros síntomas se manifestaron a partir de los 12 ddi en el T7 y los últimos a los 62 ddi en el T1 y T4. Los síntomas que se manifestaron en los tratamientos T3, T5, T6 y T7 fueron marchitez y/o amarillamiento, pudrición y escaso desarrollo radicular, y cordones miceliales color blanco a gris que cubrían las raíces; mientras que en T1y T4 los síntomas fueron amarillamiento y defoliación. Por otro lado la muerte de las plantas se presentó a partir de los 39 ddi en los tratamientos T3, T5, T6 y T7. El menor crecimiento de las plantas y peso seco de raíz se presentó en los tratamientos donde se inoculó a R. necatrix de manera individual y asociado con O. stenoceras y/o F. oxysporum

Comparative Analysis of Antifungal Activity of Total Phenolics from Different Date Palm Cultivars Against Five Phyto Pathogenic Fungi

Introduction: Pathogen attacks impose natural selection on plants to evolve complex arrays of defensive strategies. Among the diverse defensive mechanisms evolved by plants to withstand pathogen attack, the ability to synthesize an arsenal of low-molecular weight volatile and non-volatile chemicals including phenolics helps them to prepare a robust defense response against pathogen entry. Systemic induction and accumulation of low molecular weight phenolics is observed in response to various diseases and thus are studied as markers for resistance to pathogens. Phenolics that exhibit anti-oxidant activity exert their inhibitory effects on pathogen colonization via protein precipitation and iron depletion. Phytochemical analysis have been proved that date palm is rich source of phenol. Very little information is available on the inherent Date palm phenolic content that has been involved as resistance factors. All the studies are focused on phenolic content from date palm fruit and its property. Here we focusing on comparative analysis of phenolics from different cultivars leaf and how it affect the different pathogenic fungi. Material and Methods: We conducted a genome mining analysis of date palm whole genome available in the NCBI site, to detect the presents of enzyme involved in the secondary metabolite pathway. Analyzed the presents of receptor protein specific for the recognition of fungal pathogen. Five date palm pathogens were isolated from the diseased date palm and surrounding soil from the date palm field located in northern region of Qatar. Leaf, shoot and root samples collected from the diseased date palm and rhizosphere soil collected from near the diseased date palm. Samples were stored at 40?C in aseptic condition until further use. Sterilized plant samples were plated in the potato dextrose agar (PDA) for the fungal isolation and the soil were plated on molten agar for fungal isolation. The plates were incubated at 250?C until single colony appeared. The isolated fungi were examined under microscope. Based on the microscopic and physical characteristics fungi were identified. The pathogenicity were determined with detached leaf inoculation analysis and in vivo pathogenicity analysis with three date palm cultivar varieties. Detached leaf inoculation analysis performed in laboratory condition and the in vivo pathogenicity conducted in green house with controlled growth condition. The date palm varieties used in this current study are Khalas, Khneezi and Barhi. All the four pathogens, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizectonia solani Fusarium sp and Ceratocystis radicicola were used for pathogenicity analysis. Total phenolic were extracted from three date palm culvars through water extraction procedure. Extraction performed with different temperature range. Comparative analysis of antifungal property of total phenolics from different date palm cultivars such as Khalas, Khneezi and Barhi was carried out after optimizing extraction temperature. Antifungal activity is determined with disc diffusion analysis. 100 ?l of extract impregnated filter disc (10 mm in diameter) placed on the PDA plate followed by fungal disc placed on the disc. Plates were incubated at 250?C and the fungal growth monitored. Experiment repeated in triplicate along with control. Results and conclusion: The genome mining analysis of date palm result revealed 45 enzyme sequences from shikimate pathway, which is a support for the active synthesis of phenolic content in date palm. Plant phenolics synthesize via shikimate-phenylpropanoid-flavonoid pathways and include phenolic acids, flavanoids, tannins and less common stilbenes and lignins. Presents of chitin elicitor receptor kinase in date palm indicate the phytopathogenic fungal detection ability of date palm. From the isolated fungi, the date palm pathogenic fungi were screened and subcultured. Five pathogenic fungi were isolated, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizectonia solani, Fusarium sp and Ceratocystis radicicola. Pathogenicity of all the five isolated fungi were confirmed by analyzing necrosis caused on the date palm leaf (Fig. 1). The frequency of necrotic lesion and disease susceptibility found more in Khneezi than Khalas and Barhi. Water extraction procedure conducted at 400?C for 24 hrs were accepted as standardized phenolic extract for antifungal activity. Growths of the fungi were measured after 3 day and 5 days of incubation to determine the antifungal activity of phenolic extract (table 1). Phenolic extract from the Khalas showed more antagonistic activity against Rhizectonia solani whereas phenolic extract from Barhi showed more inhibitory activity against Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Ceratocystis radicicola. In all the experiment Khneezi showed week inhibitory activity this supports our previous susceptibility study (not published) in that Khneezi showed more susceptible to C.radicicola. This result is an evident for the disease resistant activity of date palm phenolics.qscienc

First report on black spot disease of Phyllanthus emblica L. fruits caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa in Bangladesh

Fruit spot disease of Phyllanthus emblica L. is one of theproblems, which reduce the quality of the fruits at pre-harvest period. Fungal pathogen was isolated using tissue planting methods during November 2016 to December 2017. The fungus, Thielaviopsis paradoxa was identified using both morphological and molecular characterization based on internal transcribe spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Mycelial growth of the isolated fungus was evaluated on six different fungal culture media viz, potato sucrose agar (PSA), Richard agar (RA), carrot agar (CA), potato dextrose agar (PDA), honey peptone agar (HPA) and Hansen’s agar (HA) in which RA and HPA media provided the utmost growth. The optimum temperature of the fungus was recorded at 25 to 35ºC. Alternate cycle of 12h/12h light dark and neutral to basic pH was preferred by the studied fungus. Aqueous crude extracts of three plants (garlic, black cumin, and turmeric) were evaluated against the isolated fungus in which the highest inhibition was recorded due to garlic extract. Two food preservatives (sodium benzoate and vinegar) were also tested in which sodium benzoate (100 mM) was most efficient for the inhibition of T. paradoxa. Therefore, garlic and food preservative-sodium benzoate could be used to control this fungal growth associated with amla fruits. To the best of our knowledge, occurrence of T. paradoxa on amla fruits is a new record in Bangladesh. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(2): 38-46, December 202

Etude de la mycoflore des racines du bananier "Poyo". I. Etude du système radiculaire, anatomie, émission, croissance

Cette étude sera publiée en trois parties: Dans la première partie de ce travail une étude bibliographique rassemble les données les plus récentes concernant le système radiculaire du bananier, les nécroses apparaissant sur celui-ci, les principales espèces composant cette mycoflore, isolées jusqu'à ce jour, ainsi qu'un bref rappel sur les associations nématodes-champignons. La deuxième partie traite de l'inventaire et de la distribution des espèces fongiques isolées des nécroses des racines de bananier Poyo au Cameroun. Dans une troisième partie sont présentés les résultats d'infestations expérimentales réalisées en laboratoire, en vue de déterminer la responsabilité propre de chaque espèce fongique, dans l'évolution des nécrose