An Enduring Philosophical Agenda. Worldview Construction as a Philosophical Method\ud

Is there such a thing as a philosophical method? It seems that there are as many philosophical methods as there are philosophies. A method is any procedure employed to achieve a certain aim. So, before proposing a method, we have to tackle the delicate question: “what is the aim of philosophy?”. At the origin of philosophy, there is a questioning about the world. The worldview approach developed by Leo Apostel elegantly explicit those fundamental questions. As we answer them, we come up with a worldview. Using this framework, this paper consider answering this enduring philosophical agenda as the primary aim of philosophy. We illustrate the approach by pointing out the limitations of both a strictly scientific worldview and a strictly religious worldview. We then argue that philosophical worldviews constitute a particular class of possible worldviews. With the help of three analogies, we give guidelines to construct such worldviews. The next step is to compare the relative strength of philosophical worldviews. Precise evaluation standards to compare and confront worldviews are proposed. Some problems for worldview diffusion are then expounded. We close with basic hypotheses to build a comprehensive philosophical worldview

An Enduring Philosophical Agenda. Worldview Construction as a Philosophical Method

Is there something like a philosophical method? It seems that there are as many methods as there are philosophies. A method is any procedure employed to attain a certain end. So, before going to a method, we have to ask: what is the aim of philosophy? At the origin of philosophy, there is a questioning about the world. Leo Apostel and Jan Van der Veken made more precise and explicit those fundamental questions (Apostel, Van der Veken 1991). The primarily aim of philosophy can be seen as answering this philosophical agenda; with the answers, one come up with a worldview. We'll argue that the philosophical worldviews constitute a particular class of the possible worldviews. With the help of three analogies, we'll give some guidelines to construct such worldviews. But, what are the best philosophical worldviews? We'll see how we can compare and confront them; and also some problems for their diffusion. The last section will propose some basic hypotheses to build such integrative worldviews

Can a Suit of Armor Conduct Electricity? A New Dataset for Open Book Question Answering

We present a new kind of question answering dataset, OpenBookQA, modeled after open book exams for assessing human understanding of a subject. The open book that comes with our questions is a set of 1329 elementary level science facts. Roughly 6000 questions probe an understanding of these facts and their application to novel situations. This requires combining an open book fact (e.g., metals conduct electricity) with broad common knowledge (e.g., a suit of armor is made of metal) obtained from other sources. While existing QA datasets over documents or knowledge bases, being generally self-contained, focus on linguistic understanding, OpenBookQA probes a deeper understanding of both the topic---in the context of common knowledge---and the language it is expressed in. Human performance on OpenBookQA is close to 92%, but many state-of-the-art pre-trained QA methods perform surprisingly poorly, worse than several simple neural baselines we develop. Our oracle experiments designed to circumvent the knowledge retrieval bottleneck demonstrate the value of both the open book and additional facts. We leave it as a challenge to solve the retrieval problem in this multi-hop setting and to close the large gap to human performance.Comment: Published as conference long paper at EMNLP 201

Survey on Evaluation Methods for Dialogue Systems

In this paper we survey the methods and concepts developed for the evaluation of dialogue systems. Evaluation is a crucial part during the development process. Often, dialogue systems are evaluated by means of human evaluations and questionnaires. However, this tends to be very cost and time intensive. Thus, much work has been put into finding methods, which allow to reduce the involvement of human labour. In this survey, we present the main concepts and methods. For this, we differentiate between the various classes of dialogue systems (task-oriented dialogue systems, conversational dialogue systems, and question-answering dialogue systems). We cover each class by introducing the main technologies developed for the dialogue systems and then by presenting the evaluation methods regarding this class

An investigation of the effectiveness if the Case Method as compared with the Lecture-Textbook Method to stimulate critical thinking in the fifth grade social studies

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

Special Libraries, January 1953

Volume 44, Issue 1https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1953/1000/thumbnail.jp

A book-oriented chatbot

The automatic answer to questions in natural language is an area that has been studied for many years. However, based on the existing question answering systems, the percentage of correct answers over a set of questions, generated from a dataset, we can see that the performance it is still far away from to 100%, which is many times the value achieved when the questions are tested by humans. This work addresses the idea of a book-oriented Chatbot, more precisely a question answering system directed to answer to questions in which the dataset is one or more books. This way, we intend to adopt a new system, incorporating two existent projects, the OpenBookQA and the Question-Generation. We have used two Domain Specific Datasets that were not studied in both project, that were the QA4MRE and RACE. To these we have applied the main approach: enrich them with automatic generated questions. We have run many experiments, training neural network models. This way, we intended to study the impact of those questions and obtain good accuracy results for both datasets. The obtained results suggest that having a significant representation of generated questions in a dataset, leads to a higher test accuracy results of correct answers. Becoming clear that, enrich a dataset, based on a book, with generated questions about that book, is giving to the dataset the content of the book. This dissertation presents promising results, through the datasets with automatic generated questions.A resposta automática a perguntas em língua natural é um tema estudado há largos anos. Tendo por base os sistemas existentes de resposta a perguntas, quando comparamos a percentagem de respostas correctas sobre um conjunto de perguntas, geradas a partir de um conjunto de dados, conseguimos ver que o desempenho está ainda longe de 100%, que muitas vezes é o valor alcançado quando as perguntas são testadas por humanos. Este trabalho aborda a ideia de um agente conversacional orientado para livros, mais propriamente um sistema de resposta a perguntas direccionado para responder a perguntas cujo conjunto de dados seja um ou mais livros. Deste modo, pretendemos adoptar um novo sistema, incorporando dois projectos existentes, o OpenBookQA e o Question-Generation. Utilizámos dois conjuntos de dados de domínio específico, sem terem sido ainda estudados nos dois projectos, que foram o QA4MRE e o RACE. A estes aplicámos a abordagem principal: enriquecê-los com perguntas geradas automaticamente. Corremos uma série de experiências, treinando modelos de redes neuronais. Deste modo, pretendemos estudar o impacto das perguntas geradas e obter bons resultados de precisão de respostas correctas para os dois conjuntos de dados. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que ter uma quantidade significativa de perguntas geradas num conjunto de dados, conduz a maior precisão de respostas correctas. Tornando claro que, enriquecer um dataset, sobre um livro, com perguntas geradas sobre esse mesmo livro, é dar ao dataset o contéudo do livro. Esta dissertação apresenta resultados promissores, a partir de conjuntos de dados com perguntas geradas automaticamente