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A group-based binary splitting algorithm For UHF RFID anti-collision systems
Identiļ¬cation efļ¬ciency is a key performance metrics to evaluate the ultra high frequency(UHF) based radio frequency identiļ¬cation (RFID) systems. In order to solve the tag collision problem and improve the identiļ¬cation rate in large scale networks, we propose a collision arbitration strategy termed as group-based binary splitting algorithm (GBSA), which is an integration of an efļ¬cient tag cardinality estimation method, an optimal grouping strategy and a modiļ¬ed binary splitting. In GBSA, tags are properly divided into multiple subsets according to the tag cardinality estimation and the optimal grouping strategy. In case that multiple tags fall into a same time slot and form a subset, the modiļ¬ed binary splitting strategy will be applied while the rest tags are waiting in the queue and will be identiļ¬ed in the following slots. To evaluate its performance, we ļ¬rst derive the closed-form expression of system throughput for GBSA. Through the theoretical analysis, the optimal grouping factor is further determined. Extensive simulation results supplemented by prototyping tests indicate that the system throughput of our proposed algorithm can reach as much as 0.4835, outperforming the existing anti-collision algorithms for UHF RFID systems
Node Cardinality Estimation in the Internet of Things Using Privileged Feature Distillation
The Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging as a critical technology to connect
resource-constrained devices such as sensors and actuators as well as
appliances to the Internet. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology for
node cardinality estimation in wireless networks such as the IoT and
Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) systems, which uses the privileged
feature distillation (PFD) technique and works using a neural network with a
teacher-student model. The teacher is trained using both privileged and regular
features, and the student is trained with predictions from the teacher and
regular features. We propose node cardinality estimation algorithms based on
the PFD technique for homogeneous as well as heterogeneous wireless networks.
We show via extensive simulations that the proposed PFD based algorithms for
homogeneous as well as heterogeneous networks achieve much lower mean squared
errors in the computed node cardinality estimates than state-of-the-art
protocols proposed in prior work, while taking the same number of time slots
for executing the node cardinality estimation process as the latter protocols.Comment: 15 pages, 17 figures, journal pape
Distributed Wireless Algorithms for RFID Systems: Grouping Proofs and Cardinality Estimation
The breadth and depth of the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) are becoming more substantial. RFID is a technology useful for identifying unique items through radio waves. We design algorithms on RFID-based systems for the Grouping Proof and Cardinality Estimation problems.
A grouping-proof protocol is evidence that a reader simultaneously scanned the RFID tags in a group. In many practical scenarios, grouping-proofs greatly expand the potential of RFID-based systems such as supply chain applications, simultaneous scanning of multiple forms of IDs in banks or airports, and government paperwork. The design of RFID grouping-proofs that provide optimal security, privacy, and efficiency is largely an open area, with challenging problems including robust privacy mechanisms, addressing completeness and incompleteness (missing tags), and allowing dynamic groups definitions. In this work we present three variations of grouping-proof protocols that implement our mechanisms to overcome these challenges.
Cardinality estimation is for the reader to determine the number of tags in its communication range. Speed and accuracy are important goals. Many practical applications need an accurate and anonymous estimation of the number of tagged objects. Examples include intelligent transportation and stadium management. We provide an optimal estimation algorithm template for cardinality estimation that works for a {0,1,e} channel, which extends to most estimators and ,possibly, a high resolution {0,1,...,k-1,e} channel
Rapid Node Cardinality Estimation in Heterogeneous Machine-to-Machine Networks
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) networks are an emerging technology with
applications in various fields, including smart grids, healthcare, vehicular
telematics and smart cities. Heterogeneous M2M networks contain different types
of nodes, e.g., nodes that send emergency, periodic, and normal type data. An
important problem is to rapidly estimate the number of active nodes of each
node type in every time frame in such a network. In this paper, we design two
schemes for estimating the active node cardinalities of each node type in a
heterogeneous M2M network with types of nodes, where is an
arbitrary integer. Our schemes consist of two phases-- in phase 1, coarse
estimates are computed, and in phase 2, these estimates are used to compute the
final estimates to the required accuracy. We analytically derive a condition
for one of our schemes that can be used to decide as to which of two possible
approaches should be used in phase 2 to minimize its execution time. The
expected number of time slots required to execute and the expected energy
consumption of each active node under one of our schemes are analysed. Using
simulations, we show that our proposed schemes require significantly fewer time
slots to execute compared to estimation schemes designed for a heterogeneous
M2M network in prior work, and also, compared to separately executing a
well-known estimation protocol designed for a homogeneous network in prior work
times to estimate the cardinalities of the node types, even though all
these schemes obtain estimates with the same accuracy.Comment: 14 pages, 21 figure
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