Robot Visual Servoing Using Discontinuous Control

This work presents different proposals to deal with common problems in robot visual servoing based on the application of discontinuous control methods. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approaches are substantiated by simulation results and real experiments using a 6R industrial manipulator. The main contributions are: - Geometric invariance using sliding mode control (Chapter 3): the defined higher-order invariance is used by the proposed approaches to tackle problems in visual servoing. Proofs of invariance condition are presented. - Fulfillment of constraints in visual servoing (Chapter 4): the proposal uses sliding mode methods to satisfy mechanical and visual constraints in visual servoing, while a secondary task is considered to properly track the target object. The main advantages of the proposed approach are: low computational cost, robustness and fully utilization of the allowed space for the constraints. - Robust auto tool change for industrial robots using visual servoing (Chapter 4): visual servoing and the proposed method for constraints fulfillment are applied to an automated solution for tool changing in industrial robots. The robustness of the proposed method is due to the control law of the visual servoing, which uses the information acquired by the vision system to close a feedback control loop. Furthermore, sliding mode control is simultaneously used in a prioritized level to satisfy the aforementioned constraints. Thus, the global control accurately places the tool in the warehouse, but satisfying the robot constraints. - Sliding mode controller for reference tracking (Chapter 5): an approach based on sliding mode control is proposed for reference tracking in robot visual servoing using industrial robot manipulators. The novelty of the proposal is the introduction of a sliding mode controller that uses a high-order discontinuous control signal, i.e., joint accelerations or joint jerks, in order to obtain a smoother behavior and ensure the robot system stability, which is demonstrated with a theoretical proof. - PWM and PFM for visual servoing in fully decoupled approaches (Chapter 6): discontinuous control based on pulse width and pulse frequency modulation is proposed for fully decoupled position based visual servoing approaches, in order to get the same convergence time for camera translation and rotation. Moreover, other results obtained in visual servoing applications are also described.Este trabajo presenta diferentes propuestas para tratar problemas habituales en el control de robots por realimentación visual, basadas en la aplicación de métodos de control discontinuos. La viabilidad y eficacia de las propuestas se fundamenta con resultados en simulación y con experimentos reales utilizando un robot manipulador industrial 6R. Las principales contribuciones son: - Invariancia geométrica utilizando control en modo deslizante (Capítulo 3): la invariancia de alto orden definida aquí es utilizada después por los métodos propuestos, para tratar problemas en control por realimentación visual. Se apuertan pruebas teóricas de la condición de invariancia. - Cumplimiento de restricciones en control por realimentación visual (Capítulo 4): esta propuesta utiliza métodos de control en modo deslizante para satisfacer restricciones mecánicas y visuales en control por realimentación visual, mientras una tarea secundaria se encarga del seguimiento del objeto. Las principales ventajas de la propuesta son: bajo coste computacional, robustez y plena utilización del espacio disponible para las restricciones. - Cambio de herramienta robusto para un robot industrial mediante control por realimentación visual (Capítulo 4): el control por realimentación visual y el método propuesto para el cumplimiento de las restricciones se aplican a una solución automatizada para el cambio de herramienta en robots industriales. La robustez de la propuesta radica en el uso del control por realimentación visual, que utiliza información del sistema de visión para cerrar el lazo de control. Además, el control en modo deslizante se utiliza simultáneamente en un nivel de prioridad superior para satisfacer las restricciones. Así pues, el control es capaz de dejar la herramienta en el intercambiador de herramientas de forma precisa, a la par que satisface las restricciones del robot. - Controlador en modo deslizante para seguimiento de referencia (Capítulo 5): se propone un enfoque basado en el control en modo deslizante para seguimiento de referencia en robots manipuladores industriales controlados por realimentación visual. La novedad de la propuesta radica en la introducción de un controlador en modo deslizante que utiliza la señal de control discontinua de alto orden, i.e. aceleraciones o jerks de las articulaciones, para obtener un comportamiento más suave y asegurar la estabilidad del sistema robótico, lo que se demuestra con una prueba teórica. - Control por realimentación visual mediante PWM y PFM en métodos completamente desacoplados (Capítulo 6): se propone un control discontinuo basado en modulación del ancho y frecuencia del pulso para métodos completamente desacoplados de control por realimentación visual basados en posición, con el objetivo de conseguir el mismo tiempo de convergencia para los movimientos de rotación y traslación de la cámara . Además, se presentan también otros resultados obtenidos en aplicaciones de control por realimentación visual.Aquest treball presenta diferents propostes per a tractar problemes habituals en el control de robots per realimentació visual, basades en l'aplicació de mètodes de control discontinus. La viabilitat i eficàcia de les propostes es fonamenta amb resultats en simulació i amb experiments reals utilitzant un robot manipulador industrial 6R. Les principals contribucions són: - Invariància geomètrica utilitzant control en mode lliscant (Capítol 3): la invariància d'alt ordre definida ací és utilitzada després pels mètodes proposats, per a tractar problemes en control per realimentació visual. S'aporten proves teòriques de la condició d'invariància. - Compliment de restriccions en control per realimentació visual (Capítol 4): aquesta proposta utilitza mètodes de control en mode lliscant per a satisfer restriccions mecàniques i visuals en control per realimentació visual, mentre una tasca secundària s'encarrega del seguiment de l'objecte. Els principals avantatges de la proposta són: baix cost computacional, robustesa i plena utilització de l'espai disponible per a les restriccions. - Canvi de ferramenta robust per a un robot industrial mitjançant control per realimentació visual (Capítol 4): el control per realimentació visual i el mètode proposat per al compliment de les restriccions s'apliquen a una solució automatitzada per al canvi de ferramenta en robots industrials. La robustesa de la proposta radica en l'ús del control per realimentació visual, que utilitza informació del sistema de visió per a tancar el llaç de control. A més, el control en mode lliscant s'utilitza simultàniament en un nivell de prioritat superior per a satisfer les restriccions. Així doncs, el control és capaç de deixar la ferramenta en l'intercanviador de ferramentes de forma precisa, a la vegada que satisfà les restriccions del robot. - Controlador en mode lliscant per a seguiment de referència (Capítol 5): es proposa un enfocament basat en el control en mode lliscant per a seguiment de referència en robots manipuladors industrials controlats per realimentació visual. La novetat de la proposta radica en la introducció d'un controlador en mode lliscant que utilitza senyal de control discontínua d'alt ordre, i.e. acceleracions o jerks de les articulacions, per a obtindre un comportament més suau i assegurar l'estabilitat del sistema robòtic, la qual cosa es demostra amb una prova teòrica. - Control per realimentació visual mitjançant PWM i PFM en mètodes completament desacoblats (Capítol 6): es proposa un control discontinu basat en modulació de l'ample i la freqüència del pols per a mètodes completament desacoblats de control per realimentació visual basats en posició, amb l'objectiu d'aconseguir el mateix temps de convergència per als moviments de rotació i translació de la càmera. A més, es presenten també altres resultats obtinguts en aplicacions de control per realimentació visual.Muñoz Benavent, P. (2017). Robot Visual Servoing Using Discontinuous Control [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90430TESI

Visual servo control on a humanoid robot

Includes bibliographical referencesThis thesis deals with the control of a humanoid robot based on visual servoing. It seeks to confer a degree of autonomy to the robot in the achievement of tasks such as reaching a desired position, tracking or/and grasping an object. The autonomy of humanoid robots is considered as crucial for the success of the numerous services that this kind of robots can render with their ability to associate dexterity and mobility in structured, unstructured or even hazardous environments. To achieve this objective, a humanoid robot is fully modeled and the control of its locomotion, conditioned by postural balance and gait stability, is studied. The presented approach is formulated to account for all the joints of the biped robot. As a way to conform the reference commands from visual servoing to the discrete locomotion mode of the robot, this study exploits a reactive omnidirectional walking pattern generator and a visual task Jacobian redefined with respect to a floating base on the humanoid robot, instead of the stance foot. The redundancy problem stemming from the high number of degrees of freedom coupled with the omnidirectional mobility of the robot is handled within the task priority framework, allowing thus to achieve con- figuration dependent sub-objectives such as improving the reachability, the manipulability and avoiding joint limits. Beyond a kinematic formulation of visual servoing, this thesis explores a dynamic visual approach and proposes two new visual servoing laws. Lyapunov theory is used first to prove the stability and convergence of the visual closed loop, then to derive a robust adaptive controller for the combined robot-vision dynamics, yielding thus an ultimate uniform bounded solution. Finally, all proposed schemes are validated in simulation and experimentally on the humanoid robot NAO

Map-Based Localization for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Navigation

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) require precise pose estimation when navigating in indoor and GNSS-denied / GNSS-degraded outdoor environments. The possibility of crashing in these environments is high, as spaces are confined, with many moving obstacles. There are many solutions for localization in GNSS-denied environments, and many different technologies are used. Common solutions involve setting up or using existing infrastructure, such as beacons, Wi-Fi, or surveyed targets. These solutions were avoided because the cost should be proportional to the number of users, not the coverage area. Heavy and expensive sensors, for example a high-end IMU, were also avoided. Given these requirements, a camera-based localization solution was selected for the sensor pose estimation. Several camera-based localization approaches were investigated. Map-based localization methods were shown to be the most efficient because they close loops using a pre-existing map, thus the amount of data and the amount of time spent collecting data are reduced as there is no need to re-observe the same areas multiple times. This dissertation proposes a solution to address the task of fully localizing a monocular camera onboard a UAV with respect to a known environment (i.e., it is assumed that a 3D model of the environment is available) for the purpose of navigation for UAVs in structured environments. Incremental map-based localization involves tracking a map through an image sequence. When the map is a 3D model, this task is referred to as model-based tracking. A by-product of the tracker is the relative 3D pose (position and orientation) between the camera and the object being tracked. State-of-the-art solutions advocate that tracking geometry is more robust than tracking image texture because edges are more invariant to changes in object appearance and lighting. However, model-based trackers have been limited to tracking small simple objects in small environments. An assessment was performed in tracking larger, more complex building models, in larger environments. A state-of-the art model-based tracker called ViSP (Visual Servoing Platform) was applied in tracking outdoor and indoor buildings using a UAVs low-cost camera. The assessment revealed weaknesses at large scales. Specifically, ViSP failed when tracking was lost, and needed to be manually re-initialized. Failure occurred when there was a lack of model features in the cameras field of view, and because of rapid camera motion. Experiments revealed that ViSP achieved positional accuracies similar to single point positioning solutions obtained from single-frequency (L1) GPS observations standard deviations around 10 metres. These errors were considered to be large, considering the geometric accuracy of the 3D model used in the experiments was 10 to 40 cm. The first contribution of this dissertation proposes to increase the performance of the localization system by combining ViSP with map-building incremental localization, also referred to as simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). Experimental results in both indoor and outdoor environments show sub-metre positional accuracies were achieved, while reducing the number of tracking losses throughout the image sequence. It is shown that by integrating model-based tracking with SLAM, not only does SLAM improve model tracking performance, but the model-based tracker alleviates the computational expense of SLAMs loop closing procedure to improve runtime performance. Experiments also revealed that ViSP was unable to handle occlusions when a complete 3D building model was used, resulting in large errors in its pose estimates. The second contribution of this dissertation is a novel map-based incremental localization algorithm that improves tracking performance, and increases pose estimation accuracies from ViSP. The novelty of this algorithm is the implementation of an efficient matching process that identifies corresponding linear features from the UAVs RGB image data and a large, complex, and untextured 3D model. The proposed model-based tracker improved positional accuracies from 10 m (obtained with ViSP) to 46 cm in outdoor environments, and improved from an unattainable result using VISP to 2 cm positional accuracies in large indoor environments. The main disadvantage of any incremental algorithm is that it requires the camera pose of the first frame. Initialization is often a manual process. The third contribution of this dissertation is a map-based absolute localization algorithm that automatically estimates the camera pose when no prior pose information is available. The method benefits from vertical line matching to accomplish a registration procedure of the reference model views with a set of initial input images via geometric hashing. Results demonstrate that sub-metre positional accuracies were achieved and a proposed enhancement of conventional geometric hashing produced more correct matches - 75% of the correct matches were identified, compared to 11%. Further the number of incorrect matches was reduced by 80%

Robotic-assisted approaches for image-controlled ultrasound procedures

Tese de mestrado integrado, Engenharia Biomédica e Biofísica (Engenharia Clínica e Instrumentação Médica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2019A aquisição de imagens de ultrassons (US) é atualmente uma das modalidades de aquisição de imagem mais implementadas no meio médico por diversas razões. Quando comparada a outras modalidades como a tomografia computorizada (CT) e ressonância magnética (MRI), a combinação da sua portabilidade e baixo custo com a possibilidade de adquirir imagens em tempo real resulta numa enorme flexibilidade no que diz respeito às suas aplicações em medicina. Estas aplicações estendem-se desde o simples diagnóstico em ginecologia e obstetrícia, até tarefas que requerem alta precisão como cirurgia guiada por imagem ou mesmo em oncologia na área da braquiterapia. No entanto ao contrário das suas contrapartes devido à natureza do princípio físico da qual decorrem as imagens, a sua qualidade de imagem é altamente dependente da destreza do utilizador para colocar e orientar a sonda de US na região de interesse (ROI) correta, bem como, na sua capacidade de interpretar as imagens obtidas e localizar espacialmente as estruturas no corpo do paciente. De modo para tornar os procedimentos de diagnóstico menos propensos a erros, bem como os procedimentos guiados por imagem mais precisos, o acoplamento desta modalidade de imagem com uma abordagem robótica com controlo baseado na imagem adquirida é cada vez mais comum. Isto permite criar sistemas de diagnóstico e terapia semiautónomos, completamente autónomos ou cooperativos com o seu utilizador. Esta é uma tarefa que requer conhecimento e recursos de múltiplas áreas de conhecimento, incluindo de visão por computador, processamento de imagem e teoria de controlo. Em abordagens deste tipo a sonda de US vai agir como câmara para o interior do corpo do paciente e o processo de controlo vai basear-se em parâmetros tais como, as informações espaciais de uma certa estrutura-alvo presente na imagem adquirida. Estas informações que são extraídos através de vários estágios de processamento de imagem são utilizadas como realimentação no ciclo de controlo do sistema robótico em questão. A extração de informação espacial e controlo devem ser o mais autónomos e céleres possível, de modo a conseguir produzir-se um sistema com a capacidade de atuar em situações que requerem resposta em tempo real. Assim, o objetivo deste projeto foi desenvolver, implementar e validar, em MATLAB, as bases de uma abordagem para o controlo semiautónomo baseado em imagens de um sistema robótico de US e que possibilite o rastreio de estruturas-alvo e a automação de procedimentos de diagnóstico gerais com esta modalidade de imagem. De modo a atingir este objetivo foi assim implementada nesta plataforma, um programa semiautónomo com a capacidade de rastrear contornos em imagens US e capaz de produzir informação relativamente à sua posição e orientação na imagem. Este programa foi desenhado para ser compatível com uma abordagem em tempo real utilizando um sistema de aquisição SONOSITE TITAN, cuja velocidade de aquisição de imagem é de 25 fps. Este programa depende de fortemente de conceitos integrados na área de visão por computador, como computação de momentos e contornos ativos, sendo este último o motor principal da ferramenta de rastreamento. De um modo geral este programa pode ser descrito como uma implementação para rastreamento de contornos baseada em contornos ativos. Este tipo de contornos beneficia de um modelo físico subjacente que o permite ser atraído e convergir para determinadas características da imagem, como linhas, fronteiras, cantos ou regiões específicas, decorrente da minimização de um funcional de energia definido para a sua fronteira. De modo a simplificar e tornar mais célere a sua implementação este modelo dinâmico recorreu à parametrização dos contornos com funções harmónicas, pelo que as suas variáveis de sistema são descritoras de Fourier. Ao basear-se no princípio de menor energia o sistema pode ser encaixado na formulação da mecânica de Euler-Lagrange para sistemas físicos e a partir desta podem extrair-se sistemas de equações diferenciais que descrevem a evolução de um contorno ao longo do tempo. Esta evolução dependente não só da energia interna do contorno em sim, devido às forças de tensão e coesão entre pontos, mas também de forças externas que o vão guiar na imagem. Estas forças externas são determinadas de acordo com a finalidade do contorno e são geralmente derivadas de informação presente na imagem, como intensidades, gradientes e derivadas de ordem superior. Por fim, este sistema é implementado utilizando um método explícito de Euler que nos permite obter uma discretização do sistema em questão e nos proporciona uma expressão iterativa para a evolução do sistema de um estado prévio para um estado futuro que tem em conta os efeitos externos da imagem. Depois de ser implementado o desempenho do programa semiautomático de rastreamento foi validado. Esta validação concentrou-se em duas vertentes: na vertente da robustez do rastreio de contornos quando acoplado a uma sonda de US e na vertente da eficiência temporal do programa e da sua compatibilidade com sistemas de aquisição de imagem em tempo real. Antes de se proceder com a validação este sistema de aquisição foi primeiro calibrado espacialmente de forma simples, utilizando um fantoma de cabos em N contruído em acrílico capaz de produzir padrões reconhecíveis na imagem de ultrassons. Foram utilizados padrões verticais, horizontais e diagonais para calibrar a imagem, para os quais se consegue concluir que os dois primeiros produzem melhores valores para os espaçamentos reais entre pixéis da imagem de US. Finalmente a robustez do programa foi testada utilizando fantomas de 5%(m/m) de agar-agar incrustados com estruturas hipoecogénicas, simuladas por balões de água, construídos especialmente para este propósito. Para este tipo de montagem o programa consegue demonstrar uma estabilidade e robustez satisfatórias para diversos movimentos de translação e rotação da sonda US dentro do plano da imagem e mostrando também resultados promissores de resposta ao alongamento de estruturas, decorrentes de movimentos da sonda de US fora do plano da imagem. A validação da performance temporal do programa foi feita com este a funcionar a solo utilizando vídeos adquiridos na fase anterior para modelos de contornos ativos com diferentes níveis de detalhe. O tempo de computação do algoritmo em cada imagem do vídeo foi medido e a sua média foi calculada. Este valor encontra-se dentro dos níveis previstos, sendo facilmente compatível com a montagem da atual da sonda, cuja taxa de aquisição é 25 fps, atingindo a solo valores na gama entre 40 e 50 fps. Apesar demonstrar uma performance temporal e robustez promissoras esta abordagem possui ainda alguns limites para os quais a ainda não possui solução. Estes limites incluem: o suporte para um sistema rastreamento de contornos múltiplos e em simultâneo para estruturas-alvo mais complexas; a deteção e resolução de eventos topológicos dos contornos, como a fusão, separação e auto-interseção de contornos; a adaptabilidade automática dos parâmetros do sistema de equações para diferentes níveis de ruido da imagem e finalmente a especificidade dos potenciais da imagem para a convergência da abordagem em regiões da imagem que codifiquem tipo de tecidos específicos. Mesmo podendo beneficiar de algumas melhorias este projeto conseguiu atingir o objetivo a que se propôs, proporcionando uma implementação eficiente e robusta para um programa de rastreamento de contornos, permitindo lançar as bases nas quais vai ser futuramente possível trabalhar para finalmente atingir um sistema autónomo de diagnóstico em US. Além disso também demonstrou a utilidade de uma abordagem de contornos ativos para a construção de algoritmos de rastreamento robustos aos movimentos de estruturas-alvo no a imagem e com compatibilidade para abordagens em tempo-real.Ultrasound (US) systems are very popular in the medical field for several reasons. Compared to other imaging techniques such as CT or MRI, the combination of low-priced and portable hardware with realtime image acquisition enables great flexibility regarding medical applications, from simple diagnostics tasks to high precision ones, including those with robotic assistance. Unlike other techniques, the image quality and procedure accuracy are highly dependent on user skills for spatial ultrasound probe positioning and orientation around a region of interest (ROI) for inspection. To make diagnostics less prone to error and guided procedures more precise, and consequently safer, the US approach can be coupled to a robotic system. The probe acts as a camera to the patient body and relevant imaging information can be used to control a robotic arm, enabling the creation of semi-autonomous, cooperative and possibly fully autonomous diagnostics and therapeutics. In this project our aim is to develop a semi-autonomous tool for tracking defined structures of interest within US images, that outputs meaningful spatial information of a target structure (location of the centre of mass [CM], main orientation and elongation). Such tool must accomplish real-time requirements for future use in autonomous image-guided robotic systems. To this end, the concepts of moment-based visual servoing and active contours are fundamental. Active contours possess an underlying physical model allowing deformation according to image information, such as edges, image regions and specific image features. Additionally, the mathematical framework of vision-based control enables us to establish the types of necessary information for controlling a future autonomous system and how such information can be transformed to specify a desired task. Once implemented in MATLAB the tracking and temporal performance of this approach is tested in built agar-agar phantoms embedded with water-filled balloons, for stability demonstration, probe motion robustness in translational and rotational movements, as well as promising capability in responding to target structure deformations. The developed framework is also inside the expected levels, being compatible with a 25 frames per second image acquisition setup. The framework also has a standalone tool capable of dealing with 50 fps. Thus, this work lays the foundation for US guided procedures compatible with real-time approaches in moving and deforming targets

Visual Servoing

The goal of this book is to introduce the visional application by excellent researchers in the world currently and offer the knowledge that can also be applied to another field widely. This book collects the main studies about machine vision currently in the world, and has a powerful persuasion in the applications employed in the machine vision. The contents, which demonstrate that the machine vision theory, are realized in different field. For the beginner, it is easy to understand the development in the vision servoing. For engineer, professor and researcher, they can study and learn the chapters, and then employ another application method

Robotic Crop Interaction in Agriculture for Soft Fruit Harvesting

Autonomous tree crop harvesting has been a seemingly attainable, but elusive, robotics goal for the past several decades. Limiting grower reliance on uncertain seasonal labour is an economic driver of this, but the ability of robotic systems to treat each plant individually also has environmental benefits, such as reduced emissions and fertiliser use. Over the same time period, effective grasping and manipulation (G&M) solutions to warehouse product handling, and more general robotic interaction, have been demonstrated. Despite research progress in general robotic interaction and harvesting of some specific crop types, a commercially successful robotic harvester has yet to be demonstrated. Most crop varieties, including soft-skinned fruit, have not yet been addressed. Soft fruit, such as plums, present problems for many of the techniques employed for their more robust relatives and require special focus when developing autonomous harvesters. Adapting existing robotics tools and techniques to new fruit types, including soft skinned varieties, is not well explored. This thesis aims to bridge that gap by examining the challenges of autonomous crop interaction for the harvesting of soft fruit. Aspects which are known to be challenging include mixed obstacle planning with both hard and soft obstacles present, poor outdoor sensing conditions, and the lack of proven picking motion strategies. Positioning an actuator for harvesting requires solving these problems and others specific to soft skinned fruit. Doing so effectively means addressing these in the sensing, planning and actuation areas of a robotic system. Such areas are also highly interdependent for grasping and manipulation tasks, so solutions need to be developed at the system level. In this thesis, soft robotics actuators, with simplifying assumptions about hard obstacle planes, are used to solve mixed obstacle planning. Persistent target tracking and filtering is used to overcome challenging object detection conditions, while multiple stages of object detection are applied to refine these initial position estimates. Several picking motions are developed and tested for plums, with varying degrees of effectiveness. These various techniques are integrated into a prototype system which is validated in lab testing and extensive field trials on a commercial plum crop. Key contributions of this thesis include I. The examination of grasping & manipulation tools, algorithms, techniques and challenges for harvesting soft skinned fruit II. Design, development and field-trial evaluation of a harvester prototype to validate these concepts in practice, with specific design studies of the gripper type, object detector architecture and picking motion for this III. Investigation of specific G&M module improvements including: o Application of the autocovariance least squares (ALS) method to noise covariance matrix estimation for visual servoing tasks, where both simulated and real experiments demonstrated a 30% improvement in state estimation error using this technique. o Theory and experimentation showing that a single range measurement is sufficient for disambiguating scene scale in monocular depth estimation for some datasets. o Preliminary investigations of stochastic object completion and sampling for grasping, active perception for visual servoing based harvesting, and multi-stage fruit localisation from RGB-Depth data. Several field trials were carried out with the plum harvesting prototype. Testing on an unmodified commercial plum crop, in all weather conditions, showed promising results with a harvest success rate of 42%. While a significant gap between prototype performance and commercial viability remains, the use of soft robotics with carefully chosen sensing and planning approaches allows for robust grasping & manipulation under challenging conditions, with both hard and soft obstacles

Industrial Robotics

This book covers a wide range of topics relating to advanced industrial robotics, sensors and automation technologies. Although being highly technical and complex in nature, the papers presented in this book represent some of the latest cutting edge technologies and advancements in industrial robotics technology. This book covers topics such as networking, properties of manipulators, forward and inverse robot arm kinematics, motion path-planning, machine vision and many other practical topics too numerous to list here. The authors and editor of this book wish to inspire people, especially young ones, to get involved with robotic and mechatronic engineering technology and to develop new and exciting practical applications, perhaps using the ideas and concepts presented herein

Mobile Robots Navigation

Mobile robots navigation includes different interrelated activities: (i) perception, as obtaining and interpreting sensory information; (ii) exploration, as the strategy that guides the robot to select the next direction to go; (iii) mapping, involving the construction of a spatial representation by using the sensory information perceived; (iv) localization, as the strategy to estimate the robot position within the spatial map; (v) path planning, as the strategy to find a path towards a goal location being optimal or not; and (vi) path execution, where motor actions are determined and adapted to environmental changes. The book addresses those activities by integrating results from the research work of several authors all over the world. Research cases are documented in 32 chapters organized within 7 categories next described

Extended Kalman Filter Based Modelled Predictor for Fusion of Accelerometer and Camera Signal to Estimate the Vibration of a Mobile Flexible Link Manipulator

This paper presents the fusion of accelerometer and camera for active vibration prediction for a mobile flexible link manipulator based on Extended Kalman filter-based modelled predictor. The tip position of the manipulator is unpredictable due to the singularity of the mobile flexible manipulator, as well as the phase lag in the control system due to the time delay between the sensor feedback and the control input. The purpose is thus to improve the prediction accuracy of the tip position. The time delayed in camera data estimates is used to correct the drifting accelerometer’s signal. The dynamic model of the mobile flexible link manipulator is derived and is used to feed to the prediction stage of the Extended Kalman filter, which is used for vibration prediction. In order to investigate the efficiency of the proposed method, simulation and experimental studies are performed considering a single link flexible manipulator on a wheeled base. Experimental verifications showed that the proposed method produced good vibration prediction of the mobile manipulator compared to other model based predictor