System modelling and control

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A scientometric analysis and critical review of gas turbine aero-engines control: From Whittle engine to more-electric propulsion

The gas turbine aero-engine control systems over the past eight decades have been thoroughly investigated. This review purposes are to present a comprehensive reference for aero-engine control design and development based on a systematic scientometric analysis and to categorize different methods, algorithms, and approaches taken into account to improve the performance and operability of aircraft engines from the first days to present to enable this challenging technology to be adopted by aero-engine manufacturers. Initially, the benefits of the control systems are restated in terms of improved engine efficiency, reduced carbon dioxide emissions, and improved fuel economy. This is followed by a historical coverage of the proposed concepts dating back to 1936. A comprehensive scientometric analysis is then presented to introduce the main milestones in aero-engines control. Possible control strategies and concepts are classified into four distinct phases, including Single input- single output control algorithms, MIN-MAX or Cascade control algorithms, advanced control algorithms, More-electric and electronic control algorithms and critically reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of milestones are discussed to cover all practical aspects of the review to enable the researchers to identify the current challenges in aircraft engine control systems

Bond strength of reinforcing bars with different encasement qualities : guidelines for the development length of reinforcing bars in shotcrete

Depuis plusieurs années, le béton projeté a été utilisé pour la stabilisation des talus et le renforcement des structures dégradées. À ce jour, il est également utilisé pour construire des éléments complets tels que des murs de refend, colonnes, coquilles minces, revêtements de tunnels et poutres. Cependant, depuis quelques années, les ingénieurs en structures ont soulevé une préoccupation particulière concernant la qualité d'enrobage des barres d'armature. En effet, des imperfections peuvent être créées spécifiquement derrière les barres d'armature si le béton n'est pas projeté correctement ce qui pourrait provoquer la rupture prématurée des éléments structuraux. Essentiellement, peu de recherche a été faite à ce sujet et les recommandations courantes reposent sur des fondements entièrement empiriques servant uniquement à évaluer la qualité de l'enrobage de barres d'armature des carottes des panneaux de caractérisation. Cette étude a pour but d'augmenter les connaissances scientifiques concernant la réduction de l'adhérence entre les barres d'armature et le béton causé par ces imperfections afin d'inclure ce phénomène dans les guides destinés à l'inspection et à la conception des structures en béton projeté. Pour contrebalancer la perte d'adhérence, le cas échéant, des facteurs de modification pour l'équation de la longueur de développement des barres d'armature en traction est proposée. À cette fin, l'étude présente une phase expérimentale, une phase de modélisation et finalement une phase analytique. La phase expérimentale inclut des éprouvettes de type « pull-out » faites en béton projeté et en béton coulé ayant des vides artificiels (pour recréer les imperfections parfois observées en béton projeté). Des éprouvettes de type « beam-end » coulées avec des vides artificiels ont également été testées. La phase de modélisation inclut seulement des éprouvettes de type « beam-end » et les principaux résultats étudiés comportent la charge maximale et le type de rupture des éprouvettes, lesquels se sont montrés influencés principalement par la longueur transversale des vides (périmètre non-adhéré) et le recouvrement du béton. Les résultats ont permis d'établir des périmètres non-adhérés limites pour lesquels une rupture par déchaussement pourrait survenir. Cependant, puisqu'une certaine perte d'adhérence a été observée même avant les limites établis, la phase analytique a permis de proposer des facteurs de modification pouvant être utilisés avec l'équation de la longueur de développement. Ainsi, des recommandations ont été développées pour permettre aux ingénieurs de prendre des décisions concernant l'intégrité des structures pendant les inspections ou d'inclure le béton projeté lors de la conception de ces structures si des vides sont relevées ou susceptibles d'être créés derrière les barres d'armature.For many years, shotcrete (sprayed concrete) has been used for slope stabilization and the reinforcement of degraded structures. Nowadays, it's also used to build full-depth structural reinforced concrete elements such as shear walls, columns, thin shells, tunnel linings and girders. However, concerns regarding the encapsulation quality of the reinforcing bars have been raised by structural engineers. Indeed, imperfections could be created specifically behind the reinforcing bars if concrete is inappropriately sprayed which could cause the premature failure of structural elements. Essentially, very little research has been completed on the subject and the current guidelines rely completely on empirical evidence which serves only to evaluate the encasement quality of reinforcing bars from cores taken from pre-construction panels. This study aims to increase the scientific understanding regarding the bond stress reduction between reinforcing bars and concrete caused by the presence of such imperfections in order to include this phenomenon in the current inspection and design guidelines for shotcrete structures. To counteract the bond stress loss, if any, modification factors to be used in conjunction with the development length equation of reinforcing bars in tension is proposed. To do so, the study includes an experimental, a modeling and lastly an analytical phase. The experimental phase includes sprayed as well as cast in-place with artificial voids (to recreate the imperfections observed when shotcrete is incorrectly applied) “pull-out” specimens. Cast in-place “beam-end” specimens with artificial voids were also studied. The modeling phase only includes “beam-end” specimens and the main studied results were the ultimate load and the mode of failure of the specimens which were found to be mainly influenced by the transversal length of the voids (or un-bonded perimeters) and the concrete cover. The results allowed to establish un-bonded perimeters limits beyond which a possible reinforcing bar pull-out failure could occur. However, since a certain bar stress loss was still observed even below the limits established, the analytical phase served to propose modification factors to be used in conjunction with the development length equation. Thus, important guidelines have been created for structural engineers allowing them make decisions regarding the integrity of shotcrete structures during the inspection phase or to take into account shotcrete during the design phase of structures if imperfections are observed or are susceptible to be created behind the reinforcing bars

Enhancing the Structural Performance with Active and Semi-Active Devices Using Adaptive Control Strategy

Changes in the characteristics of the structure, such as damage, have not been considered in most of the active and semi-active control methods that have been used to control and optimize the response of civil engineering structures. In this dissertation, a direct adaptive control which can deal with the existence of measurement errors and changes in structural characteristics or load conditioning is used to control the performance of structures. A Simple Adaptive Control Method (SACM) is modified to control civil structures and improve their performance. The effectiveness of the SACM is verified by several numerical examples. The SACM is used to reduce the structural response such as drift and acceleration using active and semi-active devices, and its performance is compared with that of other control methods. Also, a probabilistic indirect adaptive control method is developed and its behavior is compared to the SACM using a simple numerical example. In addition to the simplicity of the SACM implementation, the results show that SACM is very effective to reduce the response of structures with linear and non-linear behavior in comparison with other control methods

Controllers, observers, and applications thereof

Controller scaling and parameterization are described. Techniques that can be improved by employing the scaling and parameterization include, but are not limited to, controller design, tuning and optimization. The scaling and parameterization methods described here apply to transfer function based controllers, including PID controllers. The parameterization methods also apply to state feedback and state observer based controllers, as well as linear active disturbance rejection (ADRC) controllers. Parameterization simplifies the use of ADRC. A discrete extended state observer (DESO) and a generalized extended state observer (GESO) are described. They improve the performance of the ESO and therefore ADRC. A tracking control algorithm is also described that improves the performance of the ADRC controller. A general algorithm is described for applying ADRC to multi-input multi-output systems. Several specific applications of the control systems and processes are disclosed

Meta-heuristic global optimization algorithms for aircraft engines modelling and controller design; A review, research challenges, and exploring the future

Utilizing meta-heuristic global optimization algorithms in gas turbine aero-engines modelling and control problems is proposed over the past two decades as a methodological approach. The purpose of the review is to establish evident shortcomings of these approaches and to identify the remaining research challenges. These challenges need to be addressed to enable the novel, cost-effective techniques to be adopted by aero-engine designers. First, the benefits of global optimization algorithms are stated in terms of philosophy and the nature of different types of these methods. Then, a historical coverage is given for the applications of different optimization techniques applied in different aspects of gas turbine modelling, controller design, and tuning fields. The main challenges for the application of meta-heuristic global optimization algorithms in new advanced engine designs are presented. To deal with these challenges, two efficient optimization algorithms, Competent Genetic Algorithm in single objective feature and aggregative gradient-based algorithm in multi-objective feature are proposed and applied in a turbojet engine controller gain-tuning problem as a case study. A comparison with the publicly available results show that optimization time and convergence indices will be enhanced noticeably. Based on this comparison and analysis, the potential solutions for the remaining research challenges for application to aerospace engineering problems in the future include the implementation of enhanced and modified optimization algorithms and hybrid optimization algorithms in order to achieve optimal results for the advanced engine modelling and controller design procedure with affordable computational effort

Fault attacks on RSA and elliptic curve cryptosystems

This thesis answered how a fault attack targeting software used to program EEPROM can threaten hardware devices, for instance IoT devices. The successful fault attacks proposed in this thesis will certainly warn designers of hardware devices of the security risks their devices may face on the programming leve