IRISS (Increasing Resilience in Surveillance Societies) FP7 European Research Project, Deliverable 4.2: Doing privacy in everyday encounters with surveillance.

The main idea of IRISS WP 4 was to analyse surveillance as an element of everyday life of citizens. The starting point was a broad understanding of surveillance, reaching beyond the narrowly defined and targeted (nonetheless encompassing) surveillance practices of state authorities, justified with the need to combat and prevent crime and terrorism. We were interested in the mundane effects of surveillance practices emerging in the sectors of electronic commerce, telecommunication, social media and other areas. The basic assumption of WP 4 was that being a citizen in modern surveillance societies amounts to being transformed into a techno-social hybrid, i.e. a human being inexorably linked with data producing technologies, becoming a data-leaking container. While this “ontological shift” is not necessarily reflected in citizens’ understanding of who they are, it nonetheless affects their daily lives in many different ways. Citizens may entertain ideas of privacy, autonomy and selfhood rooted in pre-electronic times while at the same time acting under a regime of “mundane governance”. We started to enquire about the use of modern technologies and in the course of the interviews focussed on issues of surveillance in a more explicit manner. Over 200 qualitative interviews were conducted in a way that produced narratives (stories) of individual experiences with different kinds of technologies and/or surveillance practices. These stories then were analysed against the background of theoretical hypotheses of what it means in objective terms to live in a surveillance society. We assume that privacy no longer is the default state of mundane living, but has to be actively created. We captured this with the term privacy labour. Furthermore we construed a number of dilemmas or trade-off situations to guide our analysis. These dilemmas address the issue of privacy as a state or “good” which is traded in for convenience (in electronic commerce), security (in law enforcement surveillance contexts), sociality (when using social media), mutual trust (in social relations at the workplace as well as in the relationship between citizens and the state), and engagement (in horizontal, neighbourhood watch-type surveillance relations). For each of these dilemmas we identified a number of stories demonstrating how our respondents as “heroes” in the narrative solved the problems they encountered, strived for the goals they were pursuing or simply handled a dilemmatic situation. This created a comprehensive and multi-dimensional account of the effects of surveillance in everyday life. Each of the main chapters does focus on one of these different dilemmas

The citizens’ perspective : awareness, feelings and acceptance of surveillance and surveillance systems for fighting crime in Europe. A quantitative study

The analyses and results in this document are based on a survey regarding the perceptions, feelings, attitudes and behaviour of European citizens towards surveillance for the purpose of fighting crime. This study was undertaken as part of the RESPECT project – “Rules, Expectations and Security through Privacy-enhanced Convenient Technologies” (RESPECT; G.A. 285582) – which was co-financed by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme (2007-2013). Data were gathered, predominantly, through an online survey supplemented by a number of questionnaires administered in face to face interviews, in order to fulfil quotas and reach those citizens who do not use the internet. The survey consisted of 50 questions and sub-questions and was available online in all languages of the European Union. Overall, 5,361 respondents from 28 countries completed the questionnaire. Results reveal that more citizens feel insecure in the presence of surveillance than feel secure. At the same time, only a minority of citizens feel that they are well informed about laws and regulations regarding the protection of personal data gathered via surveillance, and only a small minority feel that these laws and regulations are effective. Amongst those who feel they are not informed about laws and regulations two thirds think that the laws are not effective and only a small minority think they are effective. Whereas, of those who feel informed, only one third think laws are not effective, and another third think they are effective, i.e., increasing the perceived knowledge about law appears to increase citizens’ perceived effectiveness of these laws. Although the majority of citizens feel insecure rather than secure in the presence of surveillance, the majority of those who perceive laws and regulations regarding the protection of personal data gathered via surveillance as effective feel secure in the presence of surveillance. Therefore, increasing the perceived effectiveness of data protection laws related to surveillance is likely to substantially increase citizens’ feelings of security in the presence of surveillance. The study also revealed that the link between citizens’ feeling of security/insecurity and perceived effectiveness of laws and regulations is stronger than the link between feelings of security/insecurity and perceived effectiveness of surveillance measures themselves. Overall, a majority of citizens feel happy with CCTV but generally unhappy with the other types of surveillance investigated. The relationship between feeling insecure in the presence of surveillance and feeling happy or unhappy with surveillance appears to be stronger than the link between feelings of security in the presence of surveillance and feeling happy or unhappy with surveillance. More research is needed to disentangle these relationships and effects between surveillance measures, feelings of security or insecurity, and citizens’ feelings about the general quality of life.This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 285582.peer-reviewe

The citizens’ perspective : awareness, feelings and acceptance of surveillance and surveillance systems for fighting crime in Italy. A quantitative study

This document presents the results for Italy within the framework of a larger study undertaken as part of the RESPECT project – “Rules, Expectations and Security through Privacy-enhanced Convenient Technologies” (RESPECT; G.A. 285582) – which was co-financed by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme (2007-2013). Analyses are based on a survey regarding the perceptions, feelings, attitudes and behaviours of citizens towards surveillance for the purpose of fighting crime, carried out amongst a quota sample that is representative of the population in Italy for age and gender. Responses were gathered, predominantly, through an online survey supplemented by a number of questionnaires administered in face to face interviews, in order to fulfil the quota and also reach those citizens who do not use the internet. The questionnaire consisted of 50 questions and was available online in all languages of the European Union between November 2013 and March 2014. The face to face interviews were carried out between January and March 2014. The sample is based on the responses from 200 individuals who indicated Italy as their country of residence in the online survey or were administered the questionnaire face to face. As a result, the Italian respondents indicated overall a strongly felt lack of trust in the protection of, and control over, personal information gathered via surveillance. At the same time, it depends on the specific type of surveillance measure whether respondents feel more unhappy or happy with it. But despite the respondents’ general perception of surveillance measures being useful, surveillance measures currently reduce feelings of insecurity in less than 1 in 4 people, whereas in 1 out of 3 respondents the presence of surveillance produces feelings of insecurity. Analyses also indicate that whilst feeling happy or unhappy with surveillance is only weakly related to feeling more secure or insecure in the presence of surveillance, an increased belief in the effectiveness of laws regarding the protection of personal data gathered via surveillance may make citizens feel more secure. More research is needed to disentangle the relationships and effects between surveillance measures, feelings of security or insecurity, and citizens’ general quality of life feelings.This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 285582.peer-reviewe

The citizens’ perspective : awareness, feelings and acceptance of surveillance and surveillance systems for fighting crime in Austria. A quantitative study

This document presents the results for Austria within the framework of a larger study undertaken as part of the RESPECT project – “Rules, Expectations and Security through Privacy-enhanced Convenient Technologies” (RESPECT; G.A. 285582) – which was co-financed by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme (2007-2013). Analyses are based on a survey regarding the perceptions, feelings, attitudes and behaviours of citizens towards surveillance for the purpose of fighting crime, carried out amongst a quota sample that is representative of the population in Austria for age and gender. Responses were gathered, predominantly, through an online survey supplemented by a number of questionnaires administered in face to face interviews, in order to fulfil the quota and also reach those citizens who do not use the internet. The questionnaire consisted of 50 questions and was available online in all languages of the European Union between November 2013 and March 2014. The face to face interviews were carried out between January and March 2014. The sample is based on the responses from 135 individuals who indicated Austria as their country of residence in the online survey or were administered the questionnaire face to face. As a result, the Austrian respondents overall felt more insecure than secure in the presence of surveillance, and they indicated a strongly felt lack of trust in the protection of, and control over, personal information gathered via surveillance. Further, the majority of respondents also feel more unhappy than happy with the different types of surveillance investigated, and they feel also unhappy about surveillance taking place without them knowing about it. Additionally, there is a link between feeling happy, or unhappy, about surveillance and feeling secure or insecure through the presence of surveillance. However, analyses also indicate that increasing the perceived effectiveness of surveillance measures and, in particular, increasing the perceived effectiveness of laws regarding the protection of personal data gathered via surveillance may make citizens feel more secure. More research is needed to disentangle the relationships and effects between surveillance measures, feelings of security or insecurity, and citizens’ general quality of life feelings.This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 285582.peer-reviewe

School toilets: best practice guidance for primary and secondary schools in Wales (Consultation document)

"This booklet sets out best practice guidance for school toilets in primary and secondary schools to help inform that audit process. It is aimed at school Governing Bodies and Head Teachers, although Local Authorities should also have regard to the guidance as an employer of school staff." - Page 1

The citizens’ perspective : awareness, feelings and acceptance of surveillance and surveillance systems for fighting crime in Slovenia. A quantitative study

This document presents the results for Slovenia within the framework of a larger study undertaken as part of the RESPECT project – “Rules, Expectations and Security through Privacy-enhanced Convenient Technologies” (RESPECT; G.A. 285582) – which was co-financed by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme (2007-2013). Analyses are based on a survey regarding the perceptions, feelings, attitudes and behaviours of citizens towards surveillance for the purpose of fighting crime, carried out amongst a quota sample that is representative of the population in Slovenia for age and gender. Responses were gathered, predominantly, through an online survey supplemented by a number of questionnaires administered in face to face interviews, in order to fulfil the quota and also reach those citizens who do not use the internet. The questionnaire consisted of 50 questions and was available online in all languages of the European Union between November 2013 and March 2014. The face to face interviews were carried out between December 2013 and February 2014. The Slovenian sample is based on the responses from 200 individuals who indicated Slovenia as their country of residence in the online survey or were administered the questionnaire face to face. As a result, the Slovenian respondents felt more insecure than secure in the presence of surveillance, and they indicated a strongly felt lack of trust in the protection of, and control over, personal information gathered via surveillance. Further, the majority of respondents also feel more unhappy than happy with the different types of surveillance investigated, and they feel most unhappy about surveillance taking place without them knowing about it. Analyses also indicate that whilst feeling happy or unhappy with surveillance is only weakly related to feeling more secure or insecure in the presence of surveillance, an increased belief in the effectiveness of laws regarding the protection of personal data gathered via surveillance may make citizens feel more secure. More research is needed to disentangle the relationships and effects between surveillance measures, feelings of security or insecurity, and citizens’ general quality of life feelings.This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 285582.peer-reviewe

Beliefs and attitudes of citizens in the Czech Republic towards smart surveillance and privacy

This document presents the Czech Republic results of a qualitative study undertaken as part of the SMART project – “Scalable Measures for Automated Recognition Technologies” (SMART; G.A. 261727). The analysis and results are based on a set of three focus group discussions comprising of 28 participants, which were held in order to examine the beliefs and attitudes of citizens towards smart surveillance and privacy. The focus group discussions were conducted in line with a discussion guide mainly consisting of different scenarios aimed at stimulating a discussion amongst the participants. While some scenarios dealt with surveillance in everyday contexts likely to be encountered by research participants, other scenarios were hypothetical in nature and their aim was to elicit the feelings, beliefs and attitudes of the participants in relation to dataveillance, the massive integration of data from different sources, and the “security versus privacy trade-off”.Scalable Measures for Automated Recognition Technologies (G.A. 267127). The project was co-financed by the European Union within the Seventh Framework Programme (2007-2013).peer-reviewe

The reasonable expectation of privacy and the criminal suspect

In In re JR38, the Supreme Court unanimously dismissed an appeal from a 14 year-old boy who argued that the dissemination of his image, taken whilst he was participating in sectarian rioting, to local newspapers, violated his rights under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). However, the Court was divided on whether or not the measures taken by the police engaged the applicant's Article 8(1) rights at all. This case raises fundamental questions as to the scope of private life in the context of criminal investigations, and the place of the European Court of Human Rights’ ‘reasonable expectation of privacy’ test in determining whether Article 8(1) of the ECHR is engaged. This case comment subjects the majority's interpretation of Article 8(1) to critical scrutiny, concluding that this interpretation may unduly restrict the scope of Article 8 protection for those subject to criminal investigations

Canvas White Paper 3 Attitudes and Opinions Regarding Cybersecurity

As we rely more and more on information and communication technology, cybersecurity becomes both essential and problematic to our societies. On the one hand, cybersecurity is essential to pre-vent cyber threats from undermining citizens’ trust and confidence not only in the digital infrastruc-ture but in policy makers and state authorities as well. On the other hand, cybersecurity is problem-atic because enforcing it may endanger fundamental values like equality, fairness, autonomy, or pri-vacy. The CANVAS project aims to foster value-driven cybersecurity, with respect to European values and fundamental rights. Its first milestone is to consolidate existing knowledge and data related to cyber-security in four areas, namely the ethical, legal, empirical, and technological domains. This White Paper summarises currently available empirical data about attitudes and opinions of citizens and state actors regarding cybersecurity. It describes what these stakeholders generally think, what they feel, and what they do about cyber threats and security (counter)measures. For citizens’ perspectives, three social spheres of particular interest are exam-ined: 1) health, 2) business, 3) police and national security. This unique synthesis builds on a variety of sources with both quantitative and qualitative data. For citizens’ perspectives, our sources include reports from EU projects and Eurobarometer surveys, as well as additional scientific papers. As for state actors’ perspectives, they rely essentially on policy documents, as they are the most relevant data available