Contract law – The South Pacific: customary and introduced law

The author examines the practical effect of the combined influence of customary and introduced common laws on the law of contract operating in the South Pacific – particularly the twelve island countries within the region with membership of the “University of the South Pacific” (USP). Published in Amicus Curiae - Journal of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies and its Society for Advanced Legal Studies. The Journal is produced by the Society for Advanced Legal Studies at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, University of London

CARE

The publication was commissioned by Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art as part of the group exhibition Hinterlands.In connection with "Hinterlands" (22 October 2022-30 April 2023), Foundation Press invited artists to contribute their ideas to this collective book. They asked for written instructions proposing ways of making art in the landscape.The Guidelines were: 1. Write a simple instruction (no more than 60 words) guiding someone to make something in the landscape. 2. Follow your own prompt to create an example. This book celebrates brief moments of creative play – the unpredictable coming together of people in a place trying something out. It contains 35 instructions proposing ways that you could make something ‘in the landscape’. Whether these prompts sow the seeds for further making or perhaps simply produce an out-of-the- ordinary moment, the hope is that the book might aid closer observation of the outside world and nature

Acute kidney injury: an acceptable risk of treatment with renin-angiotensin system blockade in primary care?

Background: Use of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade has become increasingly widespread driven by evidence-based guidance. There is concern about the role of these agents in the genesis of avoidable acute kidney injury (AKI). Objectives: To investigate the association between AKI and use of RAS blockade. Design: Multilevel hierarchical analysis of a large cohort of patients registered with UK general practitioners. Setting: Primary care practices in East and West Kent, United Kingdom. Patients: 244,715 patients from 27 practices. Measurements: Demographic, clinical, biochemical and prescription data. Methods: Analyses of data acquired between 02/3/2004 and 17/04/2012 using multilevel logistic regression to determine the relationship between AKI and use of RAS blockade; further analysed by indication for treatment with RAS blockade. Results: Sufficient serum creatinine data were available to define AKI in 63,735 patients with 208,275 blood test instances. In 95,569 instances the patient was prescribed a RAS antagonist of which 5.4% fulfilled criteria for AKI. The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for AKI in those prescribed RAS blockade was 1.93 (1.81-2.06, 95%CI) falling to 1.11 (1.02-1.20, 95%CI) when adjusted for age, gender, co-morbidity, GFR category, proteinuria, systolic blood pressure and diuretic therapy. In patients with an evidence-based indication there was no difference in absolute risk of AKI. However, prescription of RAS blockade in the absence of indication appeared to be associated with greater risk of AKI. When analysis was repeated with AKIN2/AKIN3 as the outcome, although risk of AKI remained significant when unadjusted (OR 1.73, 95%CI 1.42-2.11, p<0.001), after full adjustment there was no increased risk (OR 0.83, 95%CI 0.63-1.09) in those taking RAS antagonists. However, when analysed by indication AKIN2/AKIN3 was significantly more likely in those prescribed RAS antagonists without indication (OR 2.04, 95%CI 1.41-2.94, p<0.001). Limitations: Observational database study. No information concerning hospitalisation. Prescribing assumptions and potential inaccurate coding. Potential survival bias; patients surviving longer will contribute more data. Conclusions: Use of RAS antagonists increased the risk of AKI, independent of common confounding variables. After correction for confounders the risk fell away and became non-significant for moderate and severe AKI. However, where there was no evidence-based indication for RAS antagonists the risk of AKI, whether mild, moderate or severe, remained greater

Inventarisasi Keanekaragaman Hayati Sebagai Modal Pengelolaan Wisata Dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Di Wana Wisata Gunung Puntang

Selain pemerintah dan masyarakat, pihak swasta/perusahaan juga wajib terlibat dan mengambil peran untuk melakukan perlindungan terhadap lingkungan sebagai upaya konservasi terhadap dampak dari kegiatan yang dilakukan. Salah satu lokasi stategis yang memerlukan kajian keanekaragaman hayati secara berkelanjutan adalah Kawasan Wana Wisata Gunung Puntang, di Kabupaten Bandung. Kolaborasi pengelolaan kawasan ini dilakukan oleh Perhutani, Yayasan Owa Jawa, Pemerintah Daerah, Lembaga Masyarakat Desa Hutan (LMDH) Bukit Amanah, Institut Pertanian Bogor dan PT. Pertamina EP Asset 3 Subang Field. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menginventarisasi keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan dan satwa liar (kupu-kupu, burung, dan herpetofauna) di Kawasan Gunung Puntang. Hasil invetarisasi keanekaragaman hayati menunjukkan bahwa hanya terdapat tingkat pertumbuhan tumbuhan bawah dan semai di petak pengambilan data. Hasil analisis vegetasi menunjukkan indeks keanekaragaman (H’) = 2,94; indeks kekayaan (Dmg) = 5,52; indeks kemerataan (E) = 0,82. Ditemukan sebanyak 36 jenis dari 24 famili pada lokasi penelitian. Pada kupu-kupu ditemukan sebanyak 21 jenis yang dari 4 famili. Hasil analisis dengan H’ = 2,73; Dmg = 4,69; E = 0,90. Jumlah jenis burung yang ditemukan sebanyak 12 jenis dari 10 famili dengan H’ = 2,27; E = 0,91; Dmg = 3,27. Hasil pengamatan herpetofauna ditemukan 6 jenis dari 5 famili dengan H’ = 1,68; E = 0,52; Dmg = 1,55. Pemanfaatan kawasan dan sumberdaya hayati perlu dilakukan secara berkelanjutan, baik itu untuk kegiatan wisata maupun kegiatan produksi. Pengembangan potensi dari sektor wisata harus selaras dengan perlindungan keanekaragaman hayati agar terwujud pertumbuhan ekonomi lokal yang berkelanjutan. Kata Kunci : Berkelanjutan, Keanekaragaman hayati, Kekayaan, Kemerataa