Latvian Given Names of Lithuanian Origin, International Conference “Personal Names and Cultural Reconstructions” Helsinki, 2019, 2-3.

Non peer reviewe

NAME CHOICE AND SYMBOLISM IN LITERATURE – AN OVERVIEW OF WILLIAM THACKERAY'S „THE BOOK OF SNOBS“

The paper has the intention to unveil the hidden meaning of proper names in William Thackeray's „The Book of Snobs“. The analysis involves characteristics related to proper names. Upon analyzing the meaning of proper names, a major ambition is to try to prove the importance of name giving and symbolism in literature. A summarized categorization of characters based on the meaning of anthroponyms is to be formed.The paper has the intention to unveil the hidden meaning of proper names in William Thackeray's „The Book of Snobs“. The analysis involves characteristics related to proper names. Upon analyzing the meaning of proper names, a major ambition is to try to prove the importance of name giving and symbolism in literature. A summarized categorization of characters based on the meaning of anthroponyms is to be formed

Historical and linguistic system of Turkic names and some specific features of creating vocabulary

© Serials Publications. This article envisages names of Turkic origin to determine its genealogic and historic links with other relative names, to clarify the exact transcription of the names, by involving phonetic variants if possible, to find out the original word (root), and to create a vocabulary of Turkic names. The authors are studying the names of the Turkic nationalities and distinctive difference in the sound forms of each nationality, analyzing the universal property of the anthroponym formation system. The structure of the languages of the Turkic nationalities is common, and the system of anthroponyms, which is an integral part of any language, is characterized by common features in all Turkic languages. Relative and spiritually close nations united by religious ideas are characterized with similar anthroponyms, because proper names of the Turkic origin, as well as Arab and Persian borrowings account for the major part of items preserved in the lexical composition. A lot of such names encourage creation of a dictionary of Turkic names. On the basis of creation of such dictionary of Turkic names, people may be differed from each other, natural specificity of names can be developed, and they can be integrated into certain groups. Detailed analysis of Kazakh names with Turkic origin and identification of the historic and linguistic system of Turkic names are still in the phase of research, despite extensive amount of scientific works. Creation of the dictionary of Turkic names requires identification of the vocabulary of Turkic origin names preserved and continuously used from ancient times, as well as common names taken from the Arab and Persian languages, as well as research into characteristic phonetic peculiarities and orthographic standards of each language. It is said that a nation is united by call, and each person identifies himself/herself through sounding of his/her name in the native language. Thus, for the purposes of Propaganda of the best examples of culture of naming and name-creation of Turkic peoples, as well as for strengthening the continuity of historical roots, it is necessary to create a dictionary of Turkic names

Theoretical and pragmatic considerations on the lemmatization of non-standard Early Medieval Latin charters

This paper discusses the theoretical bases as well as the pragmatic implementation of the lemmatization of the Late Latin Charter Treebanks (LLCT). LLCT is a set of three dependency treebanks (LLCT1, LLCT2, LLCT3) of Early Medieval Latin documentary texts (charters) written in Italy between AD 714 and 1000 (c. 594,000 tokens). The original model for the lemmatization of LLCT was the Latin Dependency Treebank (LDT), which is mainly Classical standard Latin and based on the entries of Lewis and Short’s Latin Dictionary. Since LLCT reflects later linguistic developments of Latin and contains a plethora of non-standard proper names, particular attention is paid to how non-standard lexemes are lemmatized systematically to make the lemmatization maximally usable. The theoretical underpinnings to manage the lemmatization boil down to two principles: the evolutionary principle and the parsimony principle.Peer reviewe

Hrvatska onomastička terminologija vezana uz imena svetaca

Saintly names are frequent constituents of the general Croatian onymy – anthroponymy (e.g. first name Ivan; family name Ivković), toponymy (e.g. oikonym Sveti Vid Dobrinjski, Donji Vidovec, oronym Sveta Gera, nesonym Sveti Grgur) and chrematonymy (e.g. Sveta Ana (church name), Hotel Sveti Benedikt, Tunel “Sveti Rok”). In Croatian onomastic and other literature, different terms have been confirmed which relate to onyms motivated by saintly names, such as svetačko ime / kršćansko ime / kalendarsko ime, eklezionim, hagionim, hijeronim, patrocinij / patrocinijsko ime and sanktorem. In our paper, we will describe their usage, characterised by great disarray, define them according to the consulted sources and determine their normative status in Croatian onomastic terminology.Imena svetaca česte su sastavnice cjelokupne hrvatske onimije – antroponimije, toponimije i krematonimije. U hrvatskoj onomastičkoj i ostaloj literaturi potvrđeni su različiti termini koji se odnose na onime motivirane imenima svetaca, kao što su svetačko ime / kršćansko ime / kalendarsko ime, eklezionim, hagionim, hijeronim, patrocinij / patrocinijsko ime i sanktorem. U radu smo opisali njihovu upotrebu te ih pokušali definirati prema konzultiranim vrelima i za neke od njih odredili normativni status, ponajprije za antroponomastičke termine. Naime, pri pokušaju definiranja i određivanja njihova normativnoga statusa pokazalo se da je potreban daljnji zajednički rad jer je dio termina slabo potvrđen u hrvatskoj onomastičkoj praksi i zbog toga nejasno definirana značenja (patrocinij / patrocinijsko ime, eklezionim). Neke od novih termina držimo dobrim rješenjima (hijeronim), o čemu će se, naravno, trebati složiti struka

Clay statuettes of male and female paredros from Roman Dacia

This paper synthetises knowledge concerning the spread of the paredros type statuette in Roman Dacia. Thus, we examined their manner of distribution, the workshops, and most importantly their significance. The author notes that these statuettes were discovered solely in Dacia Superior and Porolissensis, especially in the former. He highlights the fact that these statuettes were found in the area of the most developed urban planning, along the Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa–Apulum–Potaissa–Porolissum line, in highly Romanised towns with important military units stationed nearby. Similarly, it shows the important role the Apulum urban centre played in producing and distributing these votive statuettes. The author concludes that these statuettes are additional evidence of the lower classes’ affiliation to imperial power. Due to the spread of the Jupiter cult in Apulum, it is no wonder that people sought to obtain a cheaper variant, accessible to the poor. Due to this aspect, as well as the sober, rigid stance of the characters, we attribute them to the deities Jupiter and Juno. Considering that such statuettes were not found in burials, it is unlikely that they were funerary offerings that were more likely to depict the divine couple Pluto and Proserpine. The statuettes cannot represent local Dacian deities since the conquered population is rarely mentioned in provincial inscriptions with anthroponyms (just over two percent), and sculptural or epigraphic monuments do not represent the deities of the ancient local pantheon. Furthermore, in the urban environment where these votive terracottas were produced, the presence of the Thracian-Dacian population is almost never mentioned epigraphically (more than 1% of epigraphs depict anthroponyms) or archaeologically

Word-formation from the names of United States presidents

[Abstracts] This paper collects and analyzes the words formed from the names of American presidents, from Washingtonite to Bidenian. The following objectives are set: to find out which formative elements are the most productive in our field of study, to determine the meaning of the neologisms they form and to identify which presidents’ names have served as a morphological base for the creation of a greater number of words, as well as the most frequent ones. Prior to our study, a theoretical background is set out in which the work is contextualized within word-formation in general and deonomastics in particular, a subdiscipline that examines the formation of words from proper nouns. The method followed is a corpus-based study using two sources: the American English Google Books corpus, which was employed to search for words from the end of the 18th century until 2009, and the NOW corpus, which was utilized to seek words appearing from 2010 onwards. Neologisms have been searched using the wildcard tool by inserting an asterisk before or after the names of each president. Once all the words were collected, they were classified according to the word-formation mechanism involved in their creation. It is found that most words formed from the names of American presidents are derived by suffixation, so the analysis is concentrated on words formed by each of the most productive suffixes. In our object of study, these are -esque, -ian, -ite, -ism and -iana. To meet the objectives, the analysis has been divided into two parts. Foremost, a quantitative and diachronic study of the words formed by each of the suffixes is conducted; then, a semantic study is undertaken. The following conclusions have been reached for each suffix. First, the suffix -esque forms adjectival derivatives whose most frequent meaning is ‘resembling X’, and is applied to names of American presidents from the late 19th century to the present. Second, the suffixes -ian and -ite are studied together, as they both form derivatives that function either as adjectives or as nouns; -ian tends to form adjectival derivatives of relational meaning, while -ite usually forms nouns meaning ‘follower or supporter of’, although both suffixes may adopt the characteristics of the other. They are applied from the earliest presidents to the present day; in particular, -ian is the one which derives the types with the highest number of tokens of all suffixes. Third, -ism and -iana form nominal derivatives. On the one hand, words with -ism tend to signify ‘political doctrine of X’, but when attached to -ian the semantic modulation is ‘political doctrine inspired by X’. This suffix is also applied since the beginning of the 19th century and is the one that derives the largest number of types of all suffixes. Finally, the suffix -iana forms derivatives whose meaning is ‘the collected sayings, wisdom or artifacts connected with X’; it is applied since the first rulers as well. The presidents whose names are most productive in word-formation are Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Woodrow Wilson, Ronald Reagan and Donald Trump.Traballo fin de grao (UDC.FIL). Inglés: estudios lingüísticos y literarios. Curso 2022/202

Large language models converge toward human-like concept organization

Large language models show human-like performance in knowledge extraction, reasoning and dialogue, but it remains controversial whether this performance is best explained by memorization and pattern matching, or whether it reflects human-like inferential semantics and world knowledge. Knowledge bases such as WikiData provide large-scale, high-quality representations of inferential semantics and world knowledge. We show that large language models learn to organize concepts in ways that are strikingly similar to how concepts are organized in such knowledge bases. Knowledge bases model collective, institutional knowledge, and large language models seem to induce such knowledge from raw text. We show that bigger and better models exhibit more human-like concept organization, across four families of language models and three knowledge graph embeddings