3D DIGITAL RECONSTRUCTION OF DEFUNCT RURAL BUILDINGS BASED ON ARCHIVAL SOURCES

This paper deals with the specifics and working procedures for 3D digital reconstructions of defunct buildings of rural architecture. The resulting 3D models are to be used for presentation and educational activities intended for the lay and professional public and are based on archival sources - archival 2D metric survey documentation (drawings and photographs), written sources. Another requirement is the possibility of presentation on the internet within a parallel developing web platform. SketchUp 2021 Pro software, extended by plug-ins, is used for the 3D modelling process

The application of visualisation techniques for stratum and strata boundaries within the New South Wales digital cadastre

Population growth and trends towards urban consolidation have lead to a change in cadastral definition within the Greater Sydney area as high-density mixed-use buildings becoming more prominent. This has lead to increased potential of conflicts between end-users regarding boundary locations and the associated rights, restrictions and responsibilities and the vertical subdivisions are used to alleviate potential sources of conflict within developments in the form of stratum subdivisions, Torrens title lots with vertical restrictions, and strata subdivisions, strata lots existing within a scheme. However due to the complexity of these plans, specifically stratum subdivisions, the usability for the end-user is limited without access to surveying knowledge and practices. This dissertation sought to investigate the use of 3D visualisation within digital cadastral mapping to improve the end-users experience with understanding height limited boundaries and the relationship between lots within stratum subdivisions. Through the investigation of three case studies, each representing a different density of development with stratum subdivisions, and the modelling of the lots in Google Earth the research demonstrated how the use of 3D models improves the comprehension and ability to access spatial data through digital cadastral maps. The outcomes of this research suggest that the use of 3D models for height limited parcels can improve digital mapping and not to replace traditional surveying plans but provide a parallel format that is more user-friendly than the survey plan on its own

Methodology for the generation of 3D city models and integration of HBIM models in GIS: Case studies

[EN] The Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry increasingly demands the availability of semantic and interactive digital models with the environment, capable of simulating decision-making during its life cycle and representing the results achieved. This motivates the need to develop models that integrate spatial information (GIS) and construction information (HBIM), favouring the achievement of the Smart City and Digital Twin concepts. GIS & HBIM platform is a useful tool, with potential applications in the world of built heritage; but it still has certain inefficiencies related to interoperability, the semantics of the formats and the geometry of the models. The objective of this contribution is to suggest a procedure for the generation of 3D visualization models of existing cities by integrating HBIM models in GIS environments. For this, three software and two types of data sources (existing plans and point cloud) are used. The methodology is tested in four locations of different dimensions, managing to identify the advantages/disadvantages of each application.Carrasco, CA.; Lombillo, I.; Sánchez-Espeso, J. (2022). Methodology for the generation of 3D city models and integration of HBIM models in GIS: Case studies. VITRUVIO - International Journal of Architectural Technology and Sustainability. 7(2):74-87. https://doi.org/10.4995/vitruvioijats.2022.1880874877

Developing a three-dimensional city modeling with the absence of elevation data

The past few decades have witnessed steady innovations in remote sensing technologies; however, elevation data needed for creating 3D city models are not reachable for several regions in all over the world. Many developed states still without proper nationwide elevation measurements dataset for developing sufficient 3D city models. The current paper addresses the possibility of producing 3D models for areas without elevation data but with footprints, measurements collected from government departments and volunteered individuals. The study aims to investigate and evaluate a different approach to create three-dimensional city models based on data that existed in open-source maps when elevation measurements are not available. The proposed approach can be divided into two stages: footprint and shadow data collection, and height estimation. At first, the footprint information and shadow area are manually gathered from satellite images, then the building height is predicted based on rooftop and shadow data. SketchUp, a 3D design software, is employed as an efficient tool for creating the 3D virtual city model. To develop such a model, the software utilizes procedural modeling in addition to an image-based approach. The developed model can produce a satisfactory and realistic virtual scene within a short time and for a large area. The 3D city modeling resulted from estimated heights is considered as a rational provisional solution at areas where elevation data are not available or are out-dated

Mobile indoor laser scanning for 3D strata registration purposes based on indoorgml

In Malaysia, the current 2D cadastre system is regularly updated by the National Mapping Agency (NMA) and Land Offices (LO). However, this 2D information may not be able to serve complex situations. The 3D strata acquisition and 3D modelling are important for strata title to manage the Right, Restriction and Responsibility (RRRs). This means there is a need for the system to be extended into 3D cadastre environment. One of the data acquisition techniques such as LiDAR from Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) could be utilised to solve the problem. This research also discusses the 3D geospatial objects generated from the captured point-clouds, modelled in SketchUp and transformed into IndoorGML. In this study, Web application is developed as a platform for generating an integrated XML-IndoorGML schema. Thus, this research contributes on 3D strata modelling especially for the development of 3D strata registration in Malaysia

Integration of HBIM and 3D GIS for Digital Heritage Modelling

This paper outlines a new approach for digitally recording cultural heritage sites from laser scan data or photogrammetric data. This approach involves 3D modelling stage and the integration of the 3D model into a 3D GIS for further management and analysis. The modelling stage is carried out using a new concept; Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM). HBIM uses Building Information Modelling (BIM) software with parametric and procedural modelling techniques to automate the modelling stage. The HBIM process involves a reverse engineering solution whereby parametric objects representing architectural elements are mapped onto laser scan or photogrammetric survey data. A library of parametric architectural objects has been designed from historic manuscripts and architectural pattern books. These parametric objects were built using an embedded scripting language within the BIM software called Geometric Descriptive Language (GDL). Using this embedded scripting language, elements of procedural modelling have also been replicated to automatically combine library objects based on architectural rules and proportions. If required the position of elements can be manually refined while overlaying the automatically generated model with the original survey data. After the 3D model has been generated the next stage involves integrating the 3D model into a 3D GIS for further analysis. The international framework for 3D city modelling, CityGML has been adopted for this purpose. CityGML provides an interoperable framework for modelling 3D geometries, semantics, topology and appearance properties. CityGML enables further historical information to be added to the model and allows for efficient management and analysis of all data relating to a heritage site. The aim of this research is to bridge the gap between parametric CAD modelling and 3D GIS while using benefits from both systems to help document and analyse cultural heritage sites

Initial Registration of 3D Parcels

Registering the rights of a 3D parcel provides certainty of ownership, protection of rights and unambiguous spatial location. While not all cadastral jurisdictions in the world maintain a digital cadastral database, the concepts of such registration hold true regardless of whether it is a paper-based cadastre or a digital one. Similarly, the motivations and purpose for the creation of a 2D cadastre for individual jurisdictions applies for 3D cadastres as well. It provides a security of ownership of 3D parcel, protects the rights of the owners, and provides valuable financial instruments such as mortgage, collateral, valuation and taxation. The current life cycle of the development of a land parcel includes processes beginning from outside the cadastral registration sphere, such as zoning plans and permits, but has a direct impact on how a certain development application is processed. Thus, in considering the changes required to allow a jurisdiction to register 3D, it is important to note the sphere of influence that could have an impact on 3D registration. These include planners, notaries, surveyors, data managers and registrars; however for the purpose of this paper, the research is focused on the core 3D aspects that are institutional, legal and technical. This paper explores approaches and solutions towards the implementation of initial 3D cadastral registration, as derive by current procedures of registration of 3D parcels in various countries worldwide. To this purpose, the paper analyses the categorisations and approaches to 3D spatial units and examines the validation requirements (constraints) on a cadastral database, at various levels of maturity. In this view, 3D data storage and visualization issues are examined in relation to the level of complexity of various jurisdictions, as provided by the results of the country inventory combined with a worldwide survey in 2010 and updated in 2014 (Van Oosterom, et al, 2014). It seems that significant progress has been achieved in providing legal provisions for the registration of 3D cadastres in many countries and several have started to show 3D information on cadastral plans such as isometric views, vertical profiles or text environment to facilitate such data capture and registration. Moreover, as jurisdictions progress towards an implementation of 3D cadastres, much 3D data collected in other areas (BIM, IFC CityGML files, IndoorGML, InfraGML and LandXML) open up the possibility of creating 3D cadastral database combining the existing datasets. The usability, compatibility and portability of these datasets is a low cost solution to one of the costliest phases of the implementation of 3D cadastres, which is the initial 3D data capture

An Approach Of Automatic Reconstruction Of Building Models For Virtual Cities From Open Resources

Along with the ever-increasing popularity of virtual reality technology in recent years, 3D city models have been used in different applications, such as urban planning, disaster management, tourism, entertainment, and video games. Currently, those models are mainly reconstructed from access-restricted data sources such as LiDAR point clouds, airborne images, satellite images, and UAV (uncrewed air vehicle) images with a focus on structural illustration of buildings’ contours and layouts. To help make 3D models closer to their real-life counterparts, this thesis research proposes a new approach for the automatic reconstruction of building models from open resources. In this approach, first, building shapes are reconstructed by using the structural and geographic information retrievable from the open repository of OpenStreetMap (OSM). Later, images available from the street view of Google maps are used to extract information of the exterior appearance of buildings for texture mapping onto their boundaries. The constructed 3D environment is used as prior knowledge for the navigation purposes in a self-driving car. The static objects from the 3D model are compared with the real-time images of static objects to reduce the computation time by eliminating them from the detection proces

Implementation of three dimensional parcel for strata management corporation scheme

In Malaysia development of strata scheme in three dimensional still lacks for Management Corporation (MC) for each building. The weakness in the management system is also related to the unprofessional practice of management in the country. Each management has its own guidelines and procedures on the management procedures will be implemented on the strata building. The aim of the study is to improve strata management in Management Corporation of strata that related to three dimensional. The 3D model was build based on the information get from secondary data from various sources. The 3D model helps the MC solve the problem occurs in the building fast and efficiently by using the GIS application. The findings from this study show that the 3D parcel modelling was successfully achieved using AutoCAD, SketchUp, ArcGIS software with the information from building plan to build the modelling in 3D. In conclusion, the implementation of 3D in cadastral strata survey may improve management in a cadastral environment in Malaysia