From Analogical Proportion to Logical Proportions

International audienceGiven a 4-tuple of Boolean variables (a, b, c, d), logical proportions are modeled by a pair of equivalences relating similarity indicators ( a∧b and a¯∧b¯), or dissimilarity indicators ( a∧b¯ and a¯∧b) pertaining to the pair (a, b), to the ones associated with the pair (c, d). There are 120 semantically distinct logical proportions. One of them models the analogical proportion which corresponds to a statement of the form “a is to b as c is to d”. The paper inventories the whole set of logical proportions by dividing it into five subfamilies according to what they express, and then identifies the proportions that satisfy noticeable properties such as full identity (the pair of equivalences defining the proportion hold as true for the 4-tuple (a, a, a, a)), symmetry (if the proportion holds for (a, b, c, d), it also holds for (c, d, a, b)), or code independency (if the proportion holds for (a, b, c, d), it also holds for their negations (a¯,b¯,c¯,d¯)). It appears that only four proportions (including analogical proportion) are homogeneous in the sense that they use only one type of indicator (either similarity or dissimilarity) in their definition. Due to their specific patterns, they have a particular cognitive appeal, and as such are studied in greater details. Finally, the paper provides a discussion of the other existing works on analogical proportions

Multilemas y lógica hexagonal como herramienta para la creatividad social: sobre un caso de urbanismo participativo

Being the workshops inherent in participatory methodologies, these are determined as «a participatory process [that] entails the return of information to the same population, group or group, so that, duly supported by appropriate techniques, be these people who deepen, prioritize and plan their own strategies «(Red CIMAS, 2015). In this regard, one of the tools used by the CIMAS Network for these participatory returns are the so-called multilemmas or tetralemas (Villasante, 2006). From these, it is intended to make a group reflection on what has been said that comes out of the blocks that behave by promoting the emerging axes: the tension between the «is» and the «must be» (Colectio IOE, 2016). With this objective, they must follow three criteria of logical rigor (Villasante, 2006): take into account both the majority and minority positions, with the intention of avoiding discursive exclusion (Herzog, 2009) and keep in mind that «everything is relevant» (Montañés, 2002), look for friction points as oppositions –the dilemmas– (Conde, 2010) and look for contradictions in the social sense –the tensions– (Harvey, 2014), and listen to the questions to the questions that facilitate the subversión (Ibáñez, 1990).Siendo los talleres inherentes a las metodologías participativas, estos se definen como «un proceso participativo [que] conlleva la devolución de la información a la misma población, grupo o colectivo, para que, debidamente apoyada por técnicas adecuadas, sean estas personas las que profundicen, prioricen y planifiquen sus propias estrategias» (Red CIMAS, 2015). A este respecto, una de las herramientas generalmente utilizadas por la Red CIMAS para estas devoluciones participativas son los llamados multilemas o tetralemas (Villasante, 2006). A partir de estos se pretende realizar una reflexión grupal sobre lo dicho que salga de los bloqueos existentes mediante el fomento de los ejes emergentes: la tensión entre el «es» y el «debe ser» (Colectio Ioé, 2016). Con este objetivo, se deben seguir tres criterios de rigor lógico (Villasante, 2006): tener en cuenta tanto las posiciones mayoritarias como las minoritarias, con la intención de evitar la exclusión discursiva (Herzog, 2009), y tener presente que «todo es relevante» (Montañés, 2002), buscar los puntos de fricción como oposiciones —los dilemas— (Conde, 2010) y buscar las contradicciones en el sentido social —las tensiones— (Harvey, 2014), y escuchar las preguntas a las preguntas que faciliten la subversión (Ibáñez, 1990).Being the workshops inherent in participatory methodologies, these are determined as «a participatory process [that] entails the return of information to the same population, group or group, so that, duly supported by appropriate techniques, be these people who deepen, prioritize and plan their own strategies «(Red CIMAS, 2015). In this regard, one of the tools used by the CIMAS Network for these participatory returns are the so-called multilemmas or tetralemas (Villasante, 2006). From these, it is intended to make a group reflection on what has been said that comes out of the blocks that behave by promoting the emerging axes: the tension between the «is» and the «must be» (Colectio IOE, 2016). With this objective, they must follow three criteria of logical rigor (Villasante, 2006): take into account both the majority and minority positions, with the intention of avoiding discursive exclusion (Herzog, 2009) and keep in mind that «everything is relevant» (Montañés, 2002), look for friction points as oppositions –the dilemmas– (Conde, 2010) and look for contradictions in the social sense –the tensions– (Harvey, 2014), and listen to the questions to the questions that facilitate the subversión (Ibáñez, 1990)

In between and outside : deconstruction and structuralism on semiotics and its limits

The topic of my thesis is the complicated interconnection between deconstruction and structuralist semiotics, developed around the problematic of the sign and its limits. I argue that Jacques Derrida's project of deconstruction can be seen as an extension of the project of structuralist semiotics in two ways: on the one hand, it extends the applicability of its principles beyond the semiotic realm on the other, it investigates its conditions of possibility. Thus, to a significant extent, deconstruction develops on the basis of structuralist semiotics it needs structuralism both as its own foundation and as its exemplary object. I investigate the way deconstruction affects the structuralist definition of signification and its epistemological implications. Louis Hjelmslev and the linguistic Circle of Copenhagen occupy an exceptional position in this context. Derrida's quasi-meta-theory of signification looks in some ways very much like Hjelmslev's stratification, put into motion and thrown out of balance, flattened or multiplied ad infinitum. Moreover, glossematics is probably the closest semiotics can get to posing the question of its limits without exceeding a strictly immanent point of view. Throughout the history of Western metaphysics, signification was defined in terms of mediation and exteriority. Structuralism retains the structure of this definition, while completely emptying it of any metaphysical import. Derrida proceeds to question that same structure nevertheless, he also retains a residue of dualism so as not to fall back into metaphysics. In a dualistic structure, the question of bridging is of utmost importance. Having defined the object of knowledge as constituted by the semiotic articulation, both structuralist semiotics and deconstruction are faced with the structural impossibility of bridging the epistemological gap. Therefore my thesis, which begins as a study of the limits of semiotics, epistemological and other, turns out also to concern the semiological limits of epistemology.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

In between and outside : deconstruction and structuralism on semiotics and its limits.

The topic of my thesis is the complicated interconnection between deconstruction and structuralist semiotics, developed around the problematic of the sign and its limits. I argue that Jacques Derrida's project of deconstruction can be seen as an extension of the project of structuralist semiotics in two ways: on the one hand, it extends the applicability of its principles beyond the semiotic realm; on the other, it investigates its conditions of possibility. Thus, to a significant extent, deconstruction develops on the basis of structuralist semiotics; it needs structuralism both as its own foundation and as its exemplary object. I investigate the way deconstruction affects the structuralist definition of signification and its epistemological implications. Louis Hjelmslev and the linguistic Circle of Copenhagen occupy an exceptional position in this context. Derrida's quasi-meta-theory of signification looks in some ways very much like Hjelmslev's stratification, put into motion and thrown out of balance, flattened or multiplied ad infinitum. Moreover, glossematics is probably the closest semiotics can get to posing the question of its limits without exceeding a strictly immanent point of view. Throughout the history of Western metaphysics, signification was defined in terms of mediation and exteriority. Structuralism retains the structure of this definition, while completely emptying it of any metaphysical import. Derrida proceeds to question that same structure; nevertheless, he also retains a residue of dualism so as not to fall back into metaphysics. In a dualistic structure, the question of bridging is of utmost importance. Having defined the object of knowledge as constituted by the semiotic articulation, both structuralist semiotics and deconstruction are faced with the structural impossibility of bridging the epistemological gap. Therefore my thesis, which begins as a study of the limits of semiotics, epistemological and other, turns out also to concern the semiological limits of epistemology

Active Materials

What is an active material? This book aims to redefine perceptions of the materials that respond to their environment. Through the theory of the structure and functionality of materials found in nature a scientific approach to active materials is first identified. Further interviews with experts from the natural sciences and humanities then seeks to question and redefine this view of materials to create a new definition of active materials

Vector Semantics

This open access book introduces Vector semantics, which links the formal theory of word vectors to the cognitive theory of linguistics. The computational linguists and deep learning researchers who developed word vectors have relied primarily on the ever-increasing availability of large corpora and of computers with highly parallel GPU and TPU compute engines, and their focus is with endowing computers with natural language capabilities for practical applications such as machine translation or question answering. Cognitive linguists investigate natural language from the perspective of human cognition, the relation between language and thought, and questions about conceptual universals, relying primarily on in-depth investigation of language in use. In spite of the fact that these two schools both have ‘linguistics’ in their name, so far there has been very limited communication between them, as their historical origins, data collection methods, and conceptual apparatuses are quite different. Vector semantics bridges the gap by presenting a formal theory, cast in terms of linear polytopes, that generalizes both word vectors and conceptual structures, by treating each dictionary definition as an equation, and the entire lexicon as a set of equations mutually constraining all meanings

Active Materials

What is an active material? This book aims to redefine perceptions of the materials that respond to their environment. Through the theory of the structure and functionality of materials found in nature a scientific approach to active materials is first identified. Further interviews with experts from the natural sciences and humanities then seeks to question and redefine this view of materials to create a new definition of active materials

Universe in a glass of iced-water. Exploration in off-the-wall physics

Various exploration in astrophysics has revealed many breakthroughs nowadays, not only with respect to James Webb Telescope, but also recent finding related to water and ice deposits in the Moon surface. Those new findings seem to bring us to new questions related to origin of Earth, Moon and the entire Universe