580 research outputs found
Multilayer Networks
In most natural and engineered systems, a set of entities interact with each
other in complicated patterns that can encompass multiple types of
relationships, change in time, and include other types of complications. Such
systems include multiple subsystems and layers of connectivity, and it is
important to take such "multilayer" features into account to try to improve our
understanding of complex systems. Consequently, it is necessary to generalize
"traditional" network theory by developing (and validating) a framework and
associated tools to study multilayer systems in a comprehensive fashion. The
origins of such efforts date back several decades and arose in multiple
disciplines, and now the study of multilayer networks has become one of the
most important directions in network science. In this paper, we discuss the
history of multilayer networks (and related concepts) and review the exploding
body of work on such networks. To unify the disparate terminology in the large
body of recent work, we discuss a general framework for multilayer networks,
construct a dictionary of terminology to relate the numerous existing concepts
to each other, and provide a thorough discussion that compares, contrasts, and
translates between related notions such as multilayer networks, multiplex
networks, interdependent networks, networks of networks, and many others. We
also survey and discuss existing data sets that can be represented as
multilayer networks. We review attempts to generalize single-layer-network
diagnostics to multilayer networks. We also discuss the rapidly expanding
research on multilayer-network models and notions like community structure,
connected components, tensor decompositions, and various types of dynamical
processes on multilayer networks. We conclude with a summary and an outlook.Comment: Working paper; 59 pages, 8 figure
Spreading processes in Multilayer Networks
Several systems can be modeled as sets of interconnected networks or networks
with multiple types of connections, here generally called multilayer networks.
Spreading processes such as information propagation among users of an online
social networks, or the diffusion of pathogens among individuals through their
contact network, are fundamental phenomena occurring in these networks.
However, while information diffusion in single networks has received
considerable attention from various disciplines for over a decade, spreading
processes in multilayer networks is still a young research area presenting many
challenging research issues. In this paper we review the main models, results
and applications of multilayer spreading processes and discuss some promising
research directions.Comment: 21 pages, 3 figures, 4 table
A Self-Organized Method for Computing the Epidemic Threshold in Computer Networks
In many cases, tainted information in a computer network can spread in a way
similar to an epidemics in the human world. On the other had, information
processing paths are often redundant, so a single infection occurrence can be
easily "reabsorbed". Randomly checking the information with a central server is
equivalent to lowering the infection probability but with a certain cost (for
instance processing time), so it is important to quickly evaluate the epidemic
threshold for each node. We present a method for getting such information
without resorting to repeated simulations. As for human epidemics, the local
information about the infection level (risk perception) can be an important
factor, and we show that our method can be applied to this case, too. Finally,
when the process to be monitored is more complex and includes "disruptive
interference", one has to use actual simulations, which however can be carried
out "in parallel" for many possible infection probabilities
Percolation transitions in the survival of interdependent agents on multiplex networks, catastrophic cascades, and SOS
The "SOS" in the title does not refer to the international distress signal,
but to "solid-on-solid" (SOS) surface growth. The catastrophic cascades are
those observed by Buldyrev {\it et al.} in interdependent networks, which we
re-interpret as multiplex networks with agents that can only survive if they
mutually support each other, and whose survival struggle we map onto an SOS
type growth model. This mapping not only reveals non-trivial structures in the
phase space of the model, but also leads to a new and extremely efficient
simulation algorithm. We use this algorithm to study interdependent agents on
duplex Erd\"os-R\'enyi (ER) networks and on lattices with dimensions 2, 3, 4,
and 5. We obtain new and surprising results in all these cases, and we correct
statements in the literature for ER networks and for 2-d lattices. In
particular, we find that is the upper critical dimension, that the
percolation transition is continuous for but -- at least for -- not in the universality class of ordinary percolation. For ER networks we
verify that the cluster statistics is exactly described by mean field theory,
but find evidence that the cascade process is not. For we find a first
order transition as for ER networks, but we find also that small clusters have
a nontrivial mass distribution that scales at the transition point. Finally,
for with intermediate range dependency links we propose a scenario
different from that proposed in W. Li {\it et al.}, PRL {\bf 108}, 228702
(2012).Comment: 19 pages, 32 figure
Fragility and anomalous susceptibility of weakly interacting networks
Percolation is a fundamental concept that brought new understanding on the
robustness properties of complex systems. Here we consider percolation on
weakly interacting networks, that is, network layers coupled together by much
less interlinks than the connections within each layer. For these kinds of
structures, both continuous and abrupt phase transition are observed in the
size of the giant component. The continuous (second-order) transition
corresponds to the formation of a giant cluster inside one layer, and has a
well defined percolation threshold. The abrupt transition instead corresponds
to the merger of coexisting giant clusters among different layers, and is
characterised by a remarkable uncertainty in the percolation threshold, which
in turns causes an anomalous trend in the observed susceptibility. We develop a
simple mathematical model able to describe this phenomenon and to estimate the
critical threshold for which the abrupt transition is more likely to occur.
Remarkably, finite-size scaling analysis in the abrupt region supports the
hypothesis of a genuine first-order phase transition
Layer-switching cost and optimality in information spreading on multiplex networks
We study a model of information spreading on multiplex networks, in which
agents interact through multiple interaction channels (layers), say online vs.\
offline communication layers, subject to layer-switching cost for transmissions
across different interaction layers. The model is characterized by the
layer-wise path-dependent transmissibility over a contact, that is dynamically
determined dependently on both incoming and outgoing transmission layers. We
formulate an analytical framework to deal with such path-dependent
transmissibility and demonstrate the nontrivial interplay between the
multiplexity and spreading dynamics, including optimality. It is shown that the
epidemic threshold and prevalence respond to the layer-switching cost
non-monotonically and that the optimal conditions can change in abrupt
non-analytic ways, depending also on the densities of network layers and the
type of seed infections. Our results elucidate the essential role of
multiplexity that its explicit consideration should be crucial for realistic
modeling and prediction of spreading phenomena on multiplex social networks in
an era of ever-diversifying social interaction layers.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figure
Epidemic spreading and risk perception in multiplex networks: a self-organized percolation method
In this paper we study the interplay between epidemic spreading and risk
perception on multiplex networks. The basic idea is that the effective
infection probability is affected by the perception of the risk of being
infected, which we assume to be related to the fraction of infected neighbours,
as introduced by Bagnoli et al., PRE 76:061904 (2007). We re-derive previous
results using a self-organized method, that automatically gives the percolation
threshold in just one simulation. We then extend the model to multiplex
networks considering that people get infected by contacts in real life but
often gather information from an information networks, that may be quite
different from the real ones. The similarity between the real and information
networks determine the possibility of stopping the infection for a sufficiently
high precaution level: if the networks are too different there is no mean of
avoiding the epidemics.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figure
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