916 research outputs found
Foundations, Properties, and Security Applications of Puzzles: A Survey
Cryptographic algorithms have been used not only to create robust ciphertexts
but also to generate cryptograms that, contrary to the classic goal of
cryptography, are meant to be broken. These cryptograms, generally called
puzzles, require the use of a certain amount of resources to be solved, hence
introducing a cost that is often regarded as a time delay---though it could
involve other metrics as well, such as bandwidth. These powerful features have
made puzzles the core of many security protocols, acquiring increasing
importance in the IT security landscape. The concept of a puzzle has
subsequently been extended to other types of schemes that do not use
cryptographic functions, such as CAPTCHAs, which are used to discriminate
humans from machines. Overall, puzzles have experienced a renewed interest with
the advent of Bitcoin, which uses a CPU-intensive puzzle as proof of work. In
this paper, we provide a comprehensive study of the most important puzzle
construction schemes available in the literature, categorizing them according
to several attributes, such as resource type, verification type, and
applications. We have redefined the term puzzle by collecting and integrating
the scattered notions used in different works, to cover all the existing
applications. Moreover, we provide an overview of the possible applications,
identifying key requirements and different design approaches. Finally, we
highlight the features and limitations of each approach, providing a useful
guide for the future development of new puzzle schemes.Comment: This article has been accepted for publication in ACM Computing
Survey
Practices of Using Blockchain Technology in ICT under the Digitalization of the World Economy
Abstract. Pursuing the purpose of effective functioning in today's conditions, the business is forced to transform rapidly, to modernize at all levels. The world
is changing, erasing the limits of its certainty. Companies need quality transformations and strategies that are effective in the face of rapid change towards
"deep" digitization. Massive corporate management systems increasingly need the flexibility to keep pace with change. And companies with an innovative culture
are more in need of creative tasks than implementing detailed regulations.
In the post-industrial time of digital economy, issues related to the development
of the information sphere, the media and communications, the usage of modern
information systems to develop the economy and stabilize social development
as a whole, come first. The basic principles of practical application of Blockchain
are investigated in the work. The stages of development of Blockchain
technology, the stages of development of Blockchain technologies by time, the
application of distributed registry technology in Blockchain applications, the
principles of construction and operation of Blockchain have been specified. The
benefits of using NEM for business are substantiated and the components of
Proxima X technology, protocols and service layers, on-line and off-line protocols,
decentralized applications are exposed
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Post-quantum blockchain for internet of things domain
This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University LondonIn the evolving realm of quantum computing, emerging advancements reveal substantial challenges and threats to existing cryptographic infrastructures, particularly impacting blockchain technologies. These are pivotal for securing the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems. The traditional blockchain structures, integral to myriad IoT applications, are susceptible to potential quantum computations, emphasizing an urgent need for innovations in post-quantum blockchain solutions to reinforce security in the expansive domain of IoT.
This PhD thesis delves into the crucial exploration and meticulous examination of the development and implementation of post-quantum blockchain within the IoT landscape, focusing on the incorporation of advanced post-quantum cryptographic algorithms in Hyperledger Fabric, a forefront blockchain platform renowned for its versatility and robustness. The primary aim is to discern viable post-quantum cryptographic solutions capable of fortifying blockchain systems against impending quantum threats enhancing security and reliability in IoT applications.
The research comprehensively evaluates various post-quantum public-key generation and digital signature algorithms, performing detailed analyses of their computational time and memory usage to identify optimal candidates. Furthermore, the thesis proposes an innovative lattice-based digital signature scheme Fast-Fourier Lattice-based Compact Signature over NTRU (Falcon), which leverages the Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) algorithm as a trapdoor sampler to augment its security attributes.
The research introduces a post-quantum version of the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain that integrates post-quantum signatures. The system utilizes the Open Quantum Safe (OQS) library, rigorously tested against NIST round 3 candidates for optimal performance. The study highlights the capability to manage IoT data securely on the post-quantum Hyperledger Fabric blockchain through the Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. Such a configuration ensures safe data transfer from IoT sensors directly to the blockchain nodes, securing the processing and recording of sensor data within the node ledger. The research addresses the multifaceted challenges of quantum computing advancements and significantly contributes to establishing secure, efficient, and resilient post-quantum blockchain infrastructures tailored explicitly for the IoT domain. These findings are instrumental in elevating the security paradigms of IoT systems against quantum vulnerabilities and catalysing innovations in post-quantum cryptography and blockchain technologies.
Furthermore, this thesis introduces strategies for the optimization of performance and scalability of post-quantum blockchain solutions and explores alternative, energy-efficient consensus mechanisms such as the Raft and Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP), providing sustainable alternatives to the conventional Proof-of-Work (PoW) approach.
A critical insight emphasized throughout this thesis is the imperative of synergistic collaboration among academia, industry, and regulatory bodies. This collaboration is pivotal to expedite the adoption and standardization of post-quantum blockchain solutions, fostering the development of interoperable and standardized technologies enriched with robust security and privacy frameworks for end users.
In conclusion, this thesis furnishes profound insights and substantial contributions to implementing post-quantum blockchain in the IoT domain. It delineates original contributions to the knowledge and practices in the field, offering practical solutions and advancing the state-of-the-art in post-quantum cryptography and blockchain research, thereby paving the way for a secure and resilient future for interconnected IoT systems
Consensus Algorithms of Distributed Ledger Technology -- A Comprehensive Analysis
The most essential component of every Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is
the Consensus Algorithm (CA), which enables users to reach a consensus in a
decentralized and distributed manner. Numerous CA exist, but their viability
for particular applications varies, making their trade-offs a crucial factor to
consider when implementing DLT in a specific field. This article provided a
comprehensive analysis of the various consensus algorithms used in distributed
ledger technologies (DLT) and blockchain networks. We cover an extensive array
of thirty consensus algorithms. Eleven attributes including hardware
requirements, pre-trust level, tolerance level, and more, were used to generate
a series of comparison tables evaluating these consensus algorithms. In
addition, we discuss DLT classifications, the categories of certain consensus
algorithms, and provide examples of authentication-focused and
data-storage-focused DLTs. In addition, we analyze the pros and cons of
particular consensus algorithms, such as Nominated Proof of Stake (NPoS),
Bonded Proof of Stake (BPoS), and Avalanche. In conclusion, we discuss the
applicability of these consensus algorithms to various Cyber Physical System
(CPS) use cases, including supply chain management, intelligent transportation
systems, and smart healthcare.Comment: 50 pages, 20 figure
Blockchain Technology Facing Socioeconomic Challenges. Promise versus Probability
This paper has the main purpose to make a critical and balanced analysis about the potential of blockchain
technology to face some of the great current socioeconomic challenges, being focus on impact assessment
point of view, analyzing the disruptive potential of blockchain to provide solutions at level of different
challenges as example, climate change, migrant movements, gender equality, financial inclusion or the cost
opportunity of the management of data science
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