61,750 research outputs found
A divide and conquer method for symbolic regression
Symbolic regression aims to find a function that best explains the
relationship between independent variables and the objective value based on a
given set of sample data. Genetic programming (GP) is usually considered as an
appropriate method for the problem since it can optimize functional structure
and coefficients simultaneously. However, the convergence speed of GP might be
too slow for large scale problems that involve a large number of variables.
Fortunately, in many applications, the target function is separable or
partially separable. This feature motivated us to develop a new method, divide
and conquer (D&C), for symbolic regression, in which the target function is
divided into a number of sub-functions and the sub-functions are then
determined by any of a GP algorithm. The separability is probed by a new
proposed technique, Bi-Correlation test (BiCT). D&C powered GP has been tested
on some real-world applications, and the study shows that D&C can help GP to
get the target function much more rapidly
Spectral Cauchy Characteristic Extraction of strain, news and gravitational radiation flux
We present a new approach for the Cauchy-characteristic extraction of
gravitational radiation strain, news function, and the flux of the
energy-momentum, supermomentum and angular momentum associated with the
Bondi-Metzner-Sachs asymptotic symmetries. In Cauchy-characteristic extraction,
a characteristic evolution code takes numerical data on an inner worldtube
supplied by a Cauchy evolution code, and propagates it outwards to obtain the
space-time metric in a neighborhood of null infinity. The metric is first
determined in a scrambled form in terms of coordinates determined by the Cauchy
formalism. In prior treatments, the waveform is first extracted from this
metric and then transformed into an asymptotic inertial coordinate system. This
procedure provides the physically proper description of the waveform and the
radiated energy but it does not generalize to determine the flux of angular
momentum or supermomentum. Here we formulate and implement a new approach which
transforms the full metric into an asymptotic inertial frame and provides a
uniform treatment of all the radiation fluxes associated with the asymptotic
symmetries. Computations are performed and calibrated using the Spectral
Einstein Code (SpEC).Comment: 30 pages, 17 figure
Binding and Normalization of Binary Sparse Distributed Representations by Context-Dependent Thinning
Distributed representations were often criticized as inappropriate for encoding of data with a complex structure. However Plate's Holographic Reduced Representations and Kanerva's Binary Spatter Codes are recent schemes that allow on-the-fly encoding of nested compositional structures by real-valued or dense binary vectors of fixed dimensionality.
In this paper we consider procedures of the Context-Dependent Thinning which were developed for representation of complex hierarchical items in the architecture of Associative-Projective Neural Networks. These procedures provide binding of items represented by sparse binary codevectors (with low probability of 1s). Such an encoding is biologically plausible and allows a high storage capacity of distributed associative memory where the codevectors may be stored.
In contrast to known binding procedures, Context-Dependent Thinning preserves the same low density (or sparseness) of the bound codevector for varied number of component codevectors. Besides, a bound codevector is not only similar to another one with similar component codevectors (as in other schemes), but it is also similar to the component codevectors themselves. This allows the similarity of structures to be estimated just by the overlap of their codevectors, without retrieval of the component codevectors. This also allows an easy retrieval of the component codevectors.
Examples of algorithmic and neural-network implementations of the thinning procedures are considered. We also present representation examples for various types of nested structured data (propositions using role-filler and predicate-arguments representation schemes, trees, directed acyclic graphs) using sparse codevectors of fixed dimension. Such representations may provide a fruitful alternative to the symbolic representations of traditional AI, as well as to the localist and microfeature-based connectionist representations
Symmetric Regularization, Reduction and Blow-Up of the Planar Three-Body Problem
We carry out a sequence of coordinate changes for the planar three-body
problem which successively eliminate the translation and rotation symmetries,
regularize all three double collision singularities and blow-up the triple
collision. Parametrizing the configurations by the three relative position
vectors maintains the symmetry among the masses and simplifies the
regularization of binary collisions. Using size and shape coordinates
facilitates the reduction by rotations and the blow-up of triple collision
while emphasizing the role of the shape sphere. By using homogeneous
coordinates to describe Hamiltonian systems whose configurations spaces are
spheres or projective spaces, we are able to take a modern, global approach to
these familiar problems. We also show how to obtain the reduced and regularized
differential equations in several convenient local coordinates systems.Comment: 51 pages, 4 figure
Post-Newtonian Theory for Precision Doppler Measurements of Binary Star Orbits
The determination of velocities of stars from precise Doppler measurements is
described here using relativistic theory of astronomical reference frames so as
to determine the Keplerian and post-Keplerian parameters of binary systems. We
apply successive Lorentz transformations and the relativistic equation of light
propagation to establish the exact treatment of Doppler effect in binary
systems both in special and general relativity theories. As a result, the
Doppler shift is a sum of (1) linear in terms, which include the
ordinary Doppler effect and its variation due to the secular radial
acceleration of the binary with respect to observer; (2) terms proportional to
, which include the contributions from the quadratic Doppler effect
caused by the relative motion of binary star with respect to the Solar system,
motion of the particle emitting light and diurnal rotational motion of
observer, orbital motion of the star around the binary's barycenter, and
orbital motion of the Earth; and (3) terms proportional to , which
include the contributions from redshifts due to gravitational fields of the
star, star's companion, Galaxy, Solar system, and the Earth. After
parameterization of the binary's orbit we find that the presence of
periodically changing terms in the Doppler schift enables us disentangling
different terms and measuring, along with the well known Keplerian parameters
of the binary, four additional post-Keplerian parameters, including the
inclination angle of the binary's orbit, . We briefly discuss feasibility of
practical implementation of these theoretical results, which crucially depends
on further progress in the technique of precision Doppler measurements.Comment: Minor changes, 1 Figure included, submitted to Astrophys.
ART 2-A: An Adaptive Resonance Algorithm for Rapid Category Learning and Recognition
This article introduces ART 2-A, an efficient algorithm that emulates the self-organizing pattern recognition and hypothesis testing properties of the ART 2 neural network architecture, but at a speed two to three orders of magnitude faster. Analysis and simulations show how the ART 2-A systems correspond to ART 2 dynamics at both the fast-learn limit and at intermediate learning rates. Intermediate learning rates permit fast commitment of category nodes but slow recoding, analogous to properties of word frequency effects, encoding specificity effects, and episodic memory. Better noise tolerance is hereby achieved without a loss of learning stability. The ART 2 and ART 2-A systems are contrasted with the leader algorithm. The speed of ART 2-A makes practical the use of ART 2 modules in large-scale neural computation.BP (89-A-1204); Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (90-0083); National Science Foundation (IRI-90-00530); Air Force Office of Scientific Research (90-0175, 90-0128); Army Research Office (DAAL-03-88-K0088
Herding as a Learning System with Edge-of-Chaos Dynamics
Herding defines a deterministic dynamical system at the edge of chaos. It
generates a sequence of model states and parameters by alternating parameter
perturbations with state maximizations, where the sequence of states can be
interpreted as "samples" from an associated MRF model. Herding differs from
maximum likelihood estimation in that the sequence of parameters does not
converge to a fixed point and differs from an MCMC posterior sampling approach
in that the sequence of states is generated deterministically. Herding may be
interpreted as a"perturb and map" method where the parameter perturbations are
generated using a deterministic nonlinear dynamical system rather than randomly
from a Gumbel distribution. This chapter studies the distinct statistical
characteristics of the herding algorithm and shows that the fast convergence
rate of the controlled moments may be attributed to edge of chaos dynamics. The
herding algorithm can also be generalized to models with latent variables and
to a discriminative learning setting. The perceptron cycling theorem ensures
that the fast moment matching property is preserved in the more general
framework
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