52,616 research outputs found
Les figures de l'utilisateur aux Bell Labs : analyse de la construction des représentations dans la R&D industrielle
In this thesis we examine the genealogy of the concept of user and its contemporary dramaturgy in industrial research. For forty years, the literature in sciences and technology studies, in design and in strategy have been revealing the importance of users in the innovation process. This thesis is the result of a doctoral research that aims at exploring further this issue by studying the institutional, economical and socio-technical reasons that settle the user as an artefact in the research laboratory of Bell Labs. Our theorical frameword combine both semiotic (Charles S. Peirce) and symbolic (Lucien Sfez) aproaches, and the theory of actor-network (Bruno Latour). We focus on the terms of the representational system of the user and its symbolic implications in Bell Laboratories : the diffusion of the concept in the scientific journal of Bell Labs through a statistical analysis, the different types of user-model in Bell Labs history through a speech analysis, and the process of user integration through the socio-technical analysis of an innovation project. For this research, we developed a methodology designed at tracking and analyzing the birth and propagation of concepts in innovation. Finally we defend that Bell Labs, through its user-models, have established an equivalence between human and machine that make the user a symbolic picture half human, half-machine.Cette thĂšse examine la gĂ©nĂ©alogie du concept dâutilisateur et sa mise en scĂšne contemporaine dans la recherche et dĂ©veloppement industriel. De nombreuses recherches du champ des sciences et techniques, du design et de la stratĂ©gie ont mis en Ă©vidence ces 40 derniĂšres annĂ©es le rĂŽle clĂ© de lâutilisateur dans le processus dâinnovation. Le laboratoire de recherche Bell Labs sert de terrain dâanalyse car il permet dâobserver sur une pĂ©riode de 88 annĂ©es les raisons institutionnelles, Ă©conomiques et socio-techniques qui ont Ă©tabli lâutilisateur comme un artefact Ă mĂȘme de rĂ©pondre aux enjeux industriels de formalisation des conditions de rĂ©ceptions et dâusages dans le but de les intĂ©grer aux objets en dĂ©veloppement dans le domaine des tĂ©lĂ©communications. AncrĂ© au confluent des approches sĂ©miotique (C. S. Peirce), symbolique (L. Sfez), et de la thĂ©orie de lâacteur-rĂ©seau (B. Latour), nous analysons les diffĂ©rents termes du systĂšme reprĂ©sentatif de lâutilisateur et sa symbolique aux Bell Labs : la diffusion du concept dans le journal scientifique de Bell Labs Ă partir dâune analyse statistique, les diffĂ©rents types de figures de lâutilisateur prĂ©sents dans ce journal avec une analyse de discours, et le processus de prise en compte de lâutilisateur par lâanalyse socio-technique dâun projet dâinnovation. Pour ce travail, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© une mĂ©thodologie permettant le suivi et lâanalyse de lâĂ©mergence et de la diffusion des concepts dâinnovation. In fine, nous dĂ©fendons que les Bell Labs, au travers des reprĂ©sentations de lâutilisateur, ont progressivement Ă©tabli une Ă©quivalence entre lâhomme et la machine qui porte lâutilisateur au rang dâimage symbolique mi-homme mi-machine
Computer-derived management information in a special library
Not the least of the benefits of automating libraries and information
centers is the enhanced ability to monitor processes and services, to collect,
structure, analyze, and report critical or useful data hitherto largely
unavailable or excessively difficult and costly to obtain. Good management
of information requires good management information
information that is as cogent, correct, current, clear, concise, and complete
as cost effectiveness and enlightened decision-making demand. Computeraided
information systems offer not only opportunities to gain new
insights into the services they support; they challenge the systems designer
to build in the feedback necessary to control and improve the systems
themselves.
The focus of this paper is computer-supplied management information
in the special library environment. The particular context is that of an
extensively computerized, corporate library network in a large research
and development organization Bell Laboratories.published or submitted for publicatio
Energy-efficiency improvements for optical access
This article discusses novel approaches to improve energy efficiency of different optical access technologies, including time division multiplexing passive optical network (TDM-PON), time and wavelength division multiplexing PON (TWDM-PON), point-to-point (PTP) access network, wavelength division multiplexing PON (WDM-PON), and orthogonal frequency division multiple access PON (OFDMA-PON). These approaches include cyclic sleep mode, energy-efficient bit interleaving protocol, power reduction at component level, or frequency band selection. Depending on the target optical access technology, one or a combination of different approaches can be applied
A Conversation with Martin Bradbury Wilk
Martin Bradbury Wilk was born on December 18, 1922, in Montr\'{e}al,
Qu\'{e}bec, Canada. He completed a B.Eng. degree in Chemical Engineering in
1945 at McGill University and worked as a Research Engineer on the Atomic
Energy Project for the National Research Council of Canada from 1945 to 1950.
He then went to Iowa State College, where he completed a M.Sc. and a Ph.D.
degree in Statistics in 1953 and 1955, respectively. After a one-year post-doc
with John Tukey, he became Assistant Director of the Statistical Techniques
Research Group at Princeton University in 1956--1957, and then served as
Professor and Director of Research in Statistics at Rutgers University from
1959 to 1963. In parallel, he also had a 14-year career at Bell Laboratories,
Murray Hill, New Jersey. From 1956 to 1969, he was in turn Member of Technical
Staff, Head of the Statistical Models and Methods Research Department, and
Statistical Director in Management Sciences Research. He wrote a number of
influential papers in statistical methodology during that period, notably
testing procedures for normality (the Shapiro--Wilk statistic) and probability
plotting techniques for multivariate data. In 1970, Martin moved into higher
management levels of the American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) Company. He
occupied various positions culminating as Assistant Vice-President and Director
of Corporate Planning. In 1980, he returned to Canada and became the first
professional statistician to serve as Chief Statistician. His accomplishments
at Statistics Canada were numerous and contributed to a resurgence of the
institution's international standing. He played a crucial role in the
reinstatement of the Cabinet-cancelled 1986 Census.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/08-STS272 the Statistical
Science (http://www.imstat.org/sts/) by the Institute of Mathematical
Statistics (http://www.imstat.org
Applied constant gain amplification in circulating loop experiments
The reconfiguration of channel or wavelength routes in optically transparent mesh networks can lead to deviations in channel power that may impact transmission performance. A new experimental approach, applied constant gain, is used to maintain constant gain in a circulating loop enabling the study of gain error effects on long-haul transmission under reconfigured channel loading. Using this technique we examine a number of channel configurations and system tuning operations for both full-span dispersion-compensated and optimized dispersion-managed systems. For each system design, large power divergence was observed with a maximum of 15 dB at 2240 km, when switching was implemented without additional system tuning. For a bit error rate of 10-3, the maximum number of loop circulations was reduced by up to 33%
56+ Gb/s serial transmission using duo-binary signaling
In this paper we present duobinary signaling as an alternative for signaling schemes like PAM4 and Ensemble NRZ that are currently being considered as ways to achieve data rates of 56 Gb/s over copper.
At the system level, the design includes a custom transceiver ASIC. The transmitter is capable of equalizing 56 Gb/s non-return to zero (NRZ) signals into a duobinary response at the output of the channel. The receiver includes dedicated hardware to decode the duobinary signal. This transceiver is used to demonstrate error-free transmission for different PCB channel lengths including a state-of-the-art Megtron 6 backplane demonstrator
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