Looking Behind the Façade of Monism, Dualism and Pluralism

The relationship between domestic and international law is generally conceptualized through the lens of three notions: monism, dualism and legal pluralism. Scholars refer to these concepts as a whole, while however often only meaning one aspect of the relationship. This can somewhat distort the discussion. This chapter thus offers an alternative way of engaging with the relationship between legal spaces. It disentangles the different aspects that are relevant for theorizing how we understand this relationship. Regarding the analytical dimension of this relationship, the chapter outlines how the three concepts engage with the (apparent) dichotomies of unity or plurality of law(s), autonomy or intertwinement and hierarchy or heterarchy of legal spaces. The normative dimension is shaped, in particular, by questions pertaining to the notion of law as well as by values such as coherence and diversity and their impact on resolving conflicts between norms stemming from different legal spaces

Importance of a Proper applied Airflow in the Façade Air Gap when Moisture and Temperature are Calculated in Wood Framed Walls

The airflow in the air gap behind the façade panel has shown to be of importance when risks of moisture and mould damages in wood frame walls are calculated. This study demonstrates the importance of a properly applied outdoor air flow in the air gap behind the façade panel when temperature and moisture conditions are calculated. The paper present and compare how variations in airflow in the air gap influence temperature and moisture conditions in a modern Swedish wood framed wall. Different references present various air flows that are adapted in the air gap. Calculations are made in the one dimensional temperature and moisture calculation program WUFI 4.2. The results shows that the air flows in the air gap behind the panel affect relative humidity in all positions outside the vapour retarder. At the same time temperature in the whole construction and relative humidity inside the vapour retarder is not affected by different air flows in a significant way. The conclusion is that a correct airflow in the façade air gap is of importance for calculated moisture conditions in modern Swedish wood constructions. An incorrect air flow can also give significant errors for calculated moisture conditions

Spaces of observation and obscurity: cinematic prisons of light and dark

In The Eye of Power, Foucault delineated the key concerns surrounding hospital architecture in the latter half of the eighteenth century as being the ‘visibility of bodies, individuals and things'. As such, the ‘new form of hospital' that came to be developed ‘was at once the effect and support of a new type of gaze'. This was a gaze that was not simply concerned with ways of minimising overcrowding or cross-contamination. Rather, this was a surveillance intended to produce knowledge about the pathological bodies contained within the hospital walls. This would then allow for their appropriate classification. Foucault went on to describe how these principles came to be applied to the architecture of prisons. This was exemplified for him in the distinct shape of Bentham's panopticon. This circular design, which has subsequently become an often misused synonym for a contemporary culture of surveillance, was premised on a binary of the seen and the not-seen. An individual observer could stand at the central point of the circle and observe the cells (and their occupants) on the perimeter whilst themselves remaining unseen. The panopticon in its purest form was never constructed, yet it conveys the significance of the production of knowledge through observation that became central to institutional design at this time and modern thought more broadly. What is curious though is that whilst the aim of those late eighteenth century buildings was to produce wellventilated spaces suffused with light, this provoked an interest in its opposite. The gothic movement in literature that was developing in parallel conversely took a ‘fantasy world of stone walls, darkness, hideouts and dungeons…' as its landscape (Vidler, 1992: 162). Curiously, despite these modern developments in prison design, the façade took on these characteristics. The gothic imagination came to describe that unseen world that lay behind the outer wall. This is what Evans refers to as an architectural ‘hoax'. The façade was taken to represent the world within the prison walls and it was the façade that came to inform the popular imagination about what occurred behind it. The rational, modern principles ordering the prison became conflated with the meanings projected by and onto the façade. This confusion of meanings have then been repeated and reenforced in the subsequent representations of the prison. This is of paramount importance since it is the cinematic and televisual representation of the prison, as I argue here and elsewhere, that maintain this erroneous set of meanings, this ‘hoax'

Smoke Flow Through Exterior Assembly Construction Gaps

Rainscreen cladding systems are a popular building façade due to their ability to protect the building from extreme weather conditions. These systems generally have horizontal and vertical gaps between panels, allowing for thermal dilatation. In these kinds of façades, air may flow through the gaps into the space behind the façade, allowing for thermal, ventilation, and moisture control advantages. However, scarce knowledge is available about the fire behavior of these façade systems, and the effect of these gaps. The project aimed to characterize the fraction of the fire plume which may flow through gaps under external fire attack. Through temperature, velocity, and heat flux measurements in a gap assembly, the characterization of the plume fraction flowing through the gap is provided

Comparison of measured and calculated temperature and relative humidity with varied and constant air flow in the facade air gap

Calculation of relative humidity and temperature in an early stage of the design process is important to avoid moisture damages in wooden walls. Previous studies show that a sufficient air flow in the air gap behind the façade panel is important to ensure a moisture safe construction. This study investigates if blind WUFI 5.0 calculations with a varied air flow in the air gap behind the façade give a better correlation to measured values compared to calculations with a constant air flow. Calculations for two cases are compared to measured values in single family house. The results show that calculations with a wind dependent air flow does not necessary give better correlation to measured values compared to calculations with a constant air flow. However, the calculated values are confirmed with measured values during the warm period and there are deviations in the outer part of the wall during the cold period. Variations in measured values at the same depth in different places in the studied wall are larger compared to differences between calculated values with or without a wind dependent air flow in the façade air gap

Bakhtin on poetry, epic, and the novel: Behind the façade

Mikhail Bakhtin has gained a reputation of a thinker and literary theorist somehow hostile to poetry, and more specifically to the epic. This view is based on texts, in which Bakhtin creates and develops a conceptual contrast between poetry and the novel (in "Discourse in the Novel") or between epic and the novel (in "Epic and Novel"). However, as I will show, such perceptions of Bakhtin's position are grounded in a misunderstanding of Bakhtin's writing strategy and philosophical approach. Bakhtin often draws such conceptual contrasts as the ones between epic and novel, but does so not in order to characterize pre-given phenomena (in this case, the epic and the novel as two groups of literary works), but to construct a conceptual space which he in turn uses to explicate elements of his philosophy

Moore Honey House

Material of interest and material used: Steel. Properties of material: Although the material creates a storage place for honey, it also acts as an interesting façade as a result of the transparent glass wall behind it.https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/bcs/1084/thumbnail.jp

Ventilation of double facades

This paper deals with the development and thetesting of a simulation algorithm for the temperaturebehaviour and the flow characteristics of doublefaçades. It has been developed in order to obtain atool which enables the energy consultant to makequick design decisions without being required to usefairly complicated CFD tools.In order to determine the degree of accuracy of thealgorithm, a double façade has been monitored undercontrolled conditions and the results have beencompared against the predicted values for severaldesign situations. The resulting inaccuracy in somecases can be traced back to how the flow resistanceof various geometries are modelled. This paper deals with the development and thetesting of a simulation algorithm for the temperaturebehaviour and the flow characteristics of doublefaçades. It has been developed in order to obtain atool which enables the energy consultant to makequick design decisions without being required to usefairly complicated CFD tools.In order to determine the degree of accuracy of thealgorithm, a double façade has been monitored undercontrolled conditions and the results have beencompared against the predicted values for severaldesign situations. The resulting inaccuracy in somecases can be traced back to how the flow resistanceof various geometries are modelled

Assessment of thermal performance and surface moisture risk for a rear-ventilated cladding system for façade renovation

Ventilated façade systems, incorporating thermal insulation behind a rear-ventilated cladding, constitute a popular renovation solution in warm European climates. For compliance with building regulations, their energy efficiency is usually obtained through simple onedimensional desktop calculations, which do not consider the impact of the support elements of the cladding penetrating the thermal insulation. This study assesses a ventilated façade system anchored over a solid concrete wall with adjustable stainless steel brackets. One-dimensional calculations are compared against three-dimensional numerical thermal modelling, evaluating the effect of insulation thickness (40–100 mm) and potential gaps in the insulation around anchors. Results indicate low risk of condensation and mould growth over internal surfaces. The additional heat flow induced by stainless steel anchors, which is not considered by simplified calculations, appears lower than for aluminium-based systems but can become significant as insulation levels increase. Ensuring the continuity of insulation around anchors is critical for keeping this additional heat flow at reasonable levels (8–13%). If gaps in the insulation are present around anchors, the additional heat flow increases substantially (25–70%) and pushes effective U-values above 0.4 W/m²K, thus resulting in unforeseen energy consumption and noncompliance with regulatory requirements in many European locations.This study has been partly developed within the InnoWEE research project. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 723916. The present paper reflects only the authors’ views and neither the Agency nor the Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein