AN OVERVIEW OF STATE OF CHARGE(SOC) AND STATE OF HEALTH(SOH) ESTIMATION METHODS OF LI-ION BATTERIES

International audienc

Meetod elektrisõiduki aku laetuse taseme täpsemaks hindamiseks

The electric vehicle (EV) is a complex, safety-critical system, which must ensure the safety of the operator and the reliability and longevity of the device. The battery management system (BMS) of an EV is an embedded system, whose main responsibility is the protection and safety of the high-voltage battery pack. The BMS must ensure that the requirements for health, status and deliverable power are met by maintaining the battery pack within the defined operational conditions for the defined lifetime of the battery. The state of charge (SOC) of a cell describes the ratio of its current capacity (amount of charge stored) to the nominal capacity as defined by the manufacturer. SOC estimation is a crucial, but not trivial BMS task as it can not be measured directly, but must be estimated from known and measured parameters, such as the cell terminal voltage, current, temperature, and the static and dynamic behavior of the cell in different conditions. Many different SOC estimation methods exist, out of which (currently) the most practical methods for implementing on a real-time embedded system are adaptive methods, which adapt to different internal and external conditions. This thesis proposes the use of the sigma point Kalman filter (SPKF) for non-linear systems as an equivalentcircuit model-based state estimator to be used in one of the current series production EV projects developed by Rimac Automobili. The estimator has been implemented and validated to yield better results than the currently used SOC estimation method, and will be deployed on the BMS of a high-performance hybrid-electric vehicle

Traction and Launch Control for a Rear-Wheel-Drive Parallel-Series Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Hybrid vehicles are becoming the future of automobiles leading into the all-electric generation of vehicles. Electric vehicles come with a great increase in torque at lower RPM resulting in the issue of transferring this torque to the ground effectively. In this thesis, a method is presented for limiting wheel slip and targeting the ideal slip ratio for dry asphalt and low friction surfaces at every given time step. A launch control system is developed to further reduce wheel slip on initial acceleration from standstill furthering acceleration rates to sixty miles per hour. A MATLAB Simulink model was built of the powertrain as well as a six degree of freedom vehicle model that has been validated with real testing data from the car. This model was utilized to provide a reliable platform for optimizing control strategies without having to have access to the physical vehicle, thus reducing physical testing. A nine percent increase has been achieved by utilizing traction control and launch control for initial vehicle movement to sixty miles per hour

A Review of Hybrid Battery Management System (H-BMS) for EV

Significant to a major pollution contributor in passenger vehicles, electric vehicles are more acceptable to use on the road. Electric Vehicles (EVs) burn energy based on the usage of the battery. The usage of the battery in EVs is monitored and controlled by Battery Management System (BMS). A few factors monitor and control Battery Management System (BMS). This paper reviewed the battery charging technology and Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) development as a Hybrid Battery Management System (H-BMS) for Electric Vehicle (EV)

Smart HMI for an autonomous vehicle

El presente trabajo expone la arquitectura diseñada para la implementación de un HMI (Human Machine Interface) en un vehículo autónomo desarrollado en la Universidad de Alcalá. Este sistema hace uso del ecosistema ROS (Robot Operating System) para la comunicación entre los diferentes modulos desarrollados en el vehículo. Además se expone la creación de una herramienta de captación de datos de conductores haciendo uso de la mirada de este, basada en OpenFace, una herramienta de código libre para análisis de caras. Para ello se han desarrollado dos métodos, uno basado en un método lineal y otro usando técnicas del algoritmo NARMAX. Se han desarrollado diferentes test para demostrar la precisión de ambos métodos y han sido evaluados en el dataset de accidentes DADA2000.This works presents the framework that composed the HMI (Human Machine Interface) built in an autonomous vehicle from University of Alcalá. This system has been developed using the framework ROS (Robot Operating System) for the communication between the different sub-modules developed on the vehicle. Also, a system to obtain gaze focalization data from drivers using a camera is presented, based on OpenFace, which is an open source tool for face analysis. Two different methods are proposed, one linear and other based on NARMAX algorithm. Different test has been done in order to prove their accuracy and they have been evaluated on the challenging dataset DADA2000, which is composed by traffic accidents.Máster Universitario en Ingeniería Industrial (M141

Autonomous Campus Mobility Platform

This Major Qualifying Project (MQP) is based around the development of a robotic vehicle for use in improving mobility. The main objective was to create an autonomous vehicle capable of navigating a person or cargo back and forth from Higgins Laboratory on the Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) main campus to the Robotics Laboratory located at 85 Prescott Street, approximately 0.6 miles away. An autonomous robot was uniquely designed as a personal mobility platform to navigate its environment using onboard navigation and sensing system

Review of Modern Vehicle Powertrains and Their Modelling and Simulation in MATLAB/Simulink

Thanks to technological advances and environmental standards, as well as changing usage patterns, road vehicles are constantly developing. Electric and hybrid vehicles are playing an increasingly important role in today’s road transport. The most significant changes are probably in the powertrain of vehicles. The efficiency of internal combustion engines increases while their emissions continue to decline. In addition, high performance electric motors, batteries and even fuel cells play an increasingly important role in hybrid and electric vehicles. In this publication, we review the drive systems of current modern vehicles and the types and characteristics of their major components. We also review the available models and computer programs for their simulation, focusing mainly on MATLAB/Simulink applications. Based on this, we can develop our own models and simulation programs which will help us to perform different driving dynamics simulations and to compare the performance, dynamic and energetic characteristics of these powertrains and their components to each other

Control and communication systems for automated vehicles cooperation and coordination

Mención Internacional en el título de doctorThe technological advances in the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are exponentially improving over the last century. The objective is to provide intelligent and innovative services for the different modes of transportation, towards a better, safer, coordinated and smarter transport networks. The Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) focus is divided into two main categories; the first is to improve existing components of the transport networks, while the second is to develop intelligent vehicles which facilitate the transportation process. Different research efforts have been exerted to tackle various aspects in the fields of the automated vehicles. Accordingly, this thesis is addressing the problem of multiple automated vehicles cooperation and coordination. At first, 3DCoAutoSim driving simulator was developed in Unity game engine and connected to Robot Operating System (ROS) framework and Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO). 3DCoAutoSim is an abbreviation for "3D Simulator for Cooperative Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Automated Vehicles Simulator". 3DCoAutoSim was tested under different circumstances and conditions, afterward, it was validated through carrying-out several controlled experiments and compare the results against their counter reality experiments. The obtained results showed the efficiency of the simulator to handle different situations, emulating real world vehicles. Next is the development of the iCab platforms, which is an abbreviation for "Intelligent Campus Automobile". The platforms are two electric golf-carts that were modified mechanically, electronically and electrically towards the goal of automated driving. Each iCab was equipped with several on-board embedded computers, perception sensors and auxiliary devices, in order to execute the necessary actions for self-driving. Moreover, the platforms are capable of several Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication schemes, applying three layers of control, utilizing cooperation architecture for platooning, executing localization systems, mapping systems, perception systems, and finally several planning systems. Hundreds of experiments were carried-out for the validation of each system in the iCab platform. Results proved the functionality of the platform to self-drive from one point to another with minimal human intervention.Los avances tecnológicos en Sistemas Inteligentes de Transporte (ITS) han crecido de forma exponencial durante el último siglo. El objetivo de estos avances es el de proveer de sistemas innovadores e inteligentes para ser aplicados a los diferentes medios de transporte, con el fin de conseguir un transporte mas eficiente, seguro, coordinado e inteligente. El foco de los ITS se divide principalmente en dos categorías; la primera es la mejora de los componentes ya existentes en las redes de transporte, mientras que la segunda es la de desarrollar vehículos inteligentes que hagan más fácil y eficiente el transporte. Diferentes esfuerzos de investigación se han llevado a cabo con el fin de solucionar los numerosos aspectos asociados con la conducción autónoma. Esta tesis propone una solución para la cooperación y coordinación de múltiples vehículos. Para ello, en primer lugar se desarrolló un simulador (3DCoAutoSim) de conducción basado en el motor de juegos Unity, conectado al framework Robot Operating System (ROS) y al simulador Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO). 3DCoAutoSim ha sido probado en diferentes condiciones y circunstancias, para posteriormente validarlo con resultados a través de varios experimentos reales controlados. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron la eficiencia del simulador para manejar diferentes situaciones, emulando los vehículos en el mundo real. En segundo lugar, se desarrolló la plataforma de investigación Intelligent Campus Automobile (iCab), que consiste en dos carritos eléctricos de golf, que fueron modificados eléctrica, mecánica y electrónicamente para darle capacidades autónomas. Cada iCab se equipó con diferentes computadoras embebidas, sensores de percepción y unidades auxiliares, con la finalidad de transformarlos en vehículos autónomos. Además, se les han dado capacidad de comunicación multimodal (V2X), se les han aplicado tres capas de control, incorporando una arquitectura de cooperación para operación en modo tren, diferentes esquemas de localización, mapeado, percepción y planificación de rutas. Innumerables experimentos han sido realizados para validar cada uno de los diferentes sistemas incorporados. Los resultados prueban la funcionalidad de esta plataforma para realizar conducción autónoma y cooperativa con mínima intervención humana.Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y AutomáticaPresidente: Francisco Javier Otamendi Fernández de la Puebla.- Secretario: Hanno Hildmann.- Vocal: Pietro Cerr