5,269 research outputs found

    Ennustemallin kehittäminen suomalaisten PK-yritysten konkurssiriskin määritykseen

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    Bankruptcy prediction is a subject of significant interest to both academics and practitioners because of its vast economic and societal impact. Academic research in the field is extensive and diverse; no consensus has formed regarding the superiority of different prediction methods or predictor variables. Most studies focus on large companies; small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have received less attention, mainly due to data unavailability. Despite recent academic advances, simple statistical models are still favored in practical use, largely due to their understandability and interpretability. This study aims to construct a high-performing but user-friendly and interpretable bankruptcy prediction model for Finnish SMEs using financial statement data from 2008–2010. A literature review is conducted to explore the key aspects of bankruptcy prediction; the findings are used for designing an empirical study. Five prediction models are trained on different predictor subsets and training samples, and two models are chosen for detailed examination based on the findings. A prediction model using the random forest method, utilizing all available predictors and the unadjusted training data containing an imbalance of bankrupt and non-bankrupt firms, is found to perform best. Superior performance compared to a benchmark model is observed in terms of both key metrics, and the random forest model is deemed easy to use and interpretable; it is therefore recommended for practical application. Equity ratio and financial expenses to total assets consistently rank as the best two predictors for different models; otherwise the findings on predictor importance are mixed, but mainly in line with the prevalent views in the related literature. This study shows that constructing an accurate but practical bankruptcy prediction model is feasible, and serves as a guideline for future scholars and practitioners seeking to achieve the same. Some further research avenues to follow are recognized based on empirical findings and the extant literature. In particular, this study raises an important question regarding the appropriateness of the most commonly used performance metrics in bankruptcy prediction. Area under the precision-recall curve (PR AUC), which is widely used in other fields of study, is deemed a suitable alternative and is recommended for measuring model performance in future bankruptcy prediction studies.Konkurssien ennustaminen on taloudellisten ja yhteiskunnallisten vaikutustensa vuoksi merkittävä aihe akateemisesta ja käytännöllisestä näkökulmasta. Alan tutkimus on laajaa ja monipuolista, eikä konsensusta parhaiden ennustemallien ja -muuttujien suhteen ole saavutettu. Valtaosa tutkimuksista keskittyy suuryrityksiin; pienten ja keskisuurten (PK)-yritysten konkurssimallinnus on jäänyt vähemmälle huomiolle. Akateemisen tutkimuksen viimeaikaisesta kehityksestä huolimatta käytännön sovellukset perustuvat usein yksinkertaisille tilastollisille malleille johtuen niiden paremmasta ymmärrettävyydestä. Tässä diplomityössä rakennetaan ennustemalli suomalaisten PK-yritysten konkurssiriskin määritykseen käyttäen tilinpäätösdataa vuosilta 2008–2010. Tavoitteena on tarkka, mutta käyttäjäystävällinen ja helposti tulkittava malli. Konkurssimallinnuksen keskeisiin osa-alueisiin perehdytään kirjallisuuskatsauksessa, jonka pohjalta suunnitellaan empiirinen tutkimus. Viiden mallinnusmenetelmän suoriutumista vertaillaan erilaisia opetusaineiston ja ennustemuuttujien osajoukkoja käyttäen, ja löydösten perusteella kaksi parasta menetelmää otetaan lähempään tarkasteluun. Satunnaismetsä (random forest) -koneoppimismenetelmää käyttävä, kaikkia saatavilla olevia ennustemuuttujia ja muokkaamatonta, epäsuhtaisesti konkurssi- ja ei-konkurssitapauksia sisältävää opetusaineistoa hyödyntävä malli toimii parhaiten. Keskeisten suorituskykymittarien valossa satunnaismetsämalli suoriutuu käytettyä verrokkia paremmin, ja todetaan helppokäyttöiseksi ja hyvin tulkittavaksi; sitä suositellaan sovellettavaksi käytäntöön. Omavaraisuusaste ja rahoituskulujen suhde taseen loppusummaan osoittautuvat johdonmukaisesti parhaiksi ennustemuuttujiksi eri mallinnusmetodeilla, mutta muilta osin havainnot muuttujien keskinäisestä paremmuudesta ovat vaihtelevia. Tämä diplomityö osoittaa, että konkurssiennustemalli voi olla sekä tarkka että käytännöllinen, ja tarjoaa suuntaviivoja tuleville tutkimuksille. Empiiristen havaintojen ja kirjallisuuslöydösten pohjalta esitetään jatkotutkimusehdotuksia. Erityisen tärkeä huomio on se, että konkurssiennustamisessa tyypillisesti käytettyjen suorituskykymittarien soveltuvuus on kyseenalaista konkurssitapausten harvinaisuudesta johtuen. Muilla tutkimusaloilla laajasti käytetty tarkkuus-saantikäyrän alle jäävä pinta-ala (PR AUC) todetaan soveliaaksi vaihtoehdoksi, ja sitä suositellaan käytettäväksi konkurssimallien suorituskyvyn mittaukseen. Avainsanat konkurssien ennustaminen, luottoriski, koneoppiminen

    Valuing high technology growth firms

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    For the valuation of fast growing innovative firms Schwartz and Moon (2000, 2001) develop a fundamentals based valuation model where key parameters, such as revenues and expenses, follow stochastic processes. Guided by economic theory, this paper tests this model on a sample of around 30,000 technology firm quarter observations from 1992 to 2009 using realized accounting data and benchmark it against the traditional Enterprise Value-Sales Multiple. Our results show that the Schwartz-Moon model is on average nearly as accurate as the multiple approach, while it is even more accurate in certain industries such as pharmaceutical and computer firms. Most importantly, the Schwartz-Moon model shows the ability to indicate severe market over- or undervaluation.Schwartz-Moon model, market mispricing, empirical test, company valuation

    Firm default and aggregate fluctuations

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    This paper studies the relation between macroeconomic fluctuations and corporate defaults while conditioning on industry affiliation and an extensive set of firm-specific factors. Using a logit approach on a panel data set for all incorporated Swedish businesses over 1990-2002, we find strong evidence for a substantial and stable impact of aggregate fluctuations. Macroeffects differ across industries in an economically intuitive way. Out-of-sample evaluations show our approach is superior to both models that exclude macro information and best fitting naive forecasting models. While firm-specific factors are useful in ranking firms’ relative riskiness, macroeconomic factors capture fluctuations in the absolute risk level.Business failures

    Prediction of corporate financial distress : an application of the composite rule induction system

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    The economic consequence of corporate failure is enormous, especially for the stakeholders of public-held companies. Prior to a corporate failure, the firm’s financial status is frequently in distress. Consequently, finding a method to identify corporate financial distress as early as possible is clearly a matter of considerable interest to investors, creditors, auditors and other stakeholders. This paper uses a composite rule induction system (CRIS; Liang 1992) to derive rules for predicting corporate financial distress in Taiwan. In addition, this paper compares the prediction performance of cris, neural computing and the logit model. The empirical results indicate that both CRIS and neural computing outperform the logit model in predicting financial distress. Although both CRIS and neural computing perform rather well, CRIS has the advantage that the derived rules are easier to understand and interpret.La consecuencia económica de un fracaso corporativo es enorme, especialmente para los actores clave de las compañías públicas. En las fases previas a un fracaso corporativo, es común que el estatus financiero de la firma se encuentre normalmente en apuros. Consecuentemente, encontrar un método para identificar peligros financieros en una corporación tan pronto como sea posible es claramente un asunto con gran interés para los inversores, acreedores, auditores y otros actores clave. Este artículo usa un sistema de reglas inductivas compuestas (CRIS; Liang 1992) para elaborar reglas y patrones que ayuden a predecir problemas económicos en Taiwan. Además, este artículo compara el rendimiento y predicciones de CRIS, la informática neuronal y el modelo logístico. Los resultados empíricos indican que tanto CRIS como la informática neuronal funcionan generalmente bien a la hora de predecir los problemas financieros. Aunque ambos funcionan correctamente, CRIS tiene la ventaja de que sus reglas son más sencillas de entender e interpretar

    Corporate bankruptcy prediction: a comparison of logistic regression and random forest on portuguese company data

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    In the currentfield ofbankruptcy prediction studies, the geographical focus usually is on larger economiesrather than economies the size of Portugal. For the purpose of this studyfinancial statement data from five consecutive years prior to the event of bankruptcy in 2017 was selected. Within the data328,542healthy and unhealthy Portuguese companieswere included.Two predictive models using the Logistic Regression and Random Forest algorithm were fitted to be able to predict bankruptcy.Both developed models deliver good results even though the RandomForestmodel performs slightly better than the one based on Logistic Regression

    Predicting corporate bankruptcy using a self-organizing map: An empirical study to improve the forecasting horizon of a financial failure model

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    The aim of this study is to show how a Kohonen map can be used to increase the forecasting horizon of a financial failure model. Indeed, most prediction models fail to forecast accurately the occurrence of failure beyond one year, and their accuracy tends to fall as the prediction horizon recedes. So we propose a new way of using a Kohonen map to improve model reliability. Our results demonstrate that the generalization error achieved with a Kohonen map remains stable over the period studied, unlike that of other methods, such as discriminant analysis, logistic regression, neural networks and survival analysis, traditionally used for this kind of task

    Essays on Efficiency of Reorganization Process : A Life Cycle Approach

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    This thesis examines Finnish firms reorganized under the Finnish Company Reorganization Act (FCRA). The number of reorganizations is increasing, and the reorganization processes have been claimed to be inefficient both in Finland and worldwide. The efficiency of reorganization process is essential for the reorganizing firms and their stakeholders. Four separate essays examine the topic from different viewpoints. The data used are from small and very small firms. The purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to provide new evidence on the role of financial and non-financial information in the context of small firms reorganizing under the FCRA. More precisely, the firms in different stages of reorganization process are examined, and therefore the study covers the whole life cycle of reorganization. The results of the research show new perspectives on failure prediction and that there is no single way a firm fails or succeeds. Moreover, several financial and non-financial variables were found important when predicting firm failure. All in all, the findings of the thesis provide new information on the reorganization process and its efficiency in Finland. Since the reorganization processes are similar worldwide, the findings of the paper can be applied to other countries as well.Tämä väitöskirja käsittelee suomalaisia yrityssaneerauksessa olleita yrityksiä. Yrityssaneerausten määrä on lisääntynyt, ja itse saneerausprosessin on todettu toimivan tehottomasti niin Suomessa kuin maailmanlaajuisesti. Yrityssaneerausprosessin toimiminen tehokkaasti on tärkeää sekä yrityksille itselleen, että niiden sidosryhmille. Väitöskirjan neljä erillistä artikkelia käsittelevät aihetta eri näkökulmista. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu pienistä ja erittäin pienistä suomalaisista yrityksistä. Tämän väitöskirjan tarkoituksena on tuoda uutta tietoa taloudellisten ja ei-taloudellisten tekijöiden roolista pienten suomalaisten yritysten saneerauksessa. Tutkimus sisältää saneerauksen eri vaiheissa olevia yrityksiä, ja kattaa siten koko saneerauksen elinkaaren. Tutkimuksen tulokset tuovat uusia näkökulmia saneerauksen epäonnistumisen ennustamiseen, ja toisaalta osoittavat, että ei ole yhtä tapaa, jolla yrityksen saneeraus epäonnistuu tai onnistuu. Lisäksi useiden taloudellisten ja ei-taloudellisten muuttujien huomattiin olevan tärkeitä epäonnistumisen ennustamisessa. Kokonaisuutena tämän väitöskirjan tutkimustulokset tuovat uutta tietoa yrityssaneerausprosessista ja sen tehokkuudesta Suomessa. Koska saneerausprosessit toimivat pääosin samalla tavalla maailmanlaajuisesti, voidaan tuloksia hyödyntää myös Suomen ulkopuolella.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

    Relevance of Accounting Theory in Forecasting Techniques and Default Prediction in an Organization in Nigeria

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    Much have been done on forecasting and default or bankruptcy prediction, but not many of the earlier works have dwelt considerably on connecting accounting theory with the topic. This paper examines the relevance of accounting theory as a tool in forecasting techniques and default prediction in an organization in Nigeria, using organisations in industrial goods industry (sector) as a study area. Ex-post facto design is used this study because no attempt is made to control or manipulate relevant independent variables. Published financial statements of twelve (12) companies in the consumer goods sector with financial statements and reports covering the period of 2012 to 2017 are used. Findings revealed that liquidity ratios, leverage ratios and market ratios significantly predict and forecast firm default probability, while profitability do not significantly predict default likelihood. It is recommended that every stakeholders and entity issuing financial statements to ensure adequate disclosure of all relevant and material facts in the report to aid the analysts and other users make informed judgement from the content of the report. Key words: Accounting Ratios, Accounting Theory, Bankruptcy Probability, Corporate Default, Default Predictions, Forecast Techniques
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