948 research outputs found

    A Survey on Efficient Routing Strategies For The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT)

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    The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is an emerging technology that promised to connect the underwater world to the land internet. It is enabled via the usage of the Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UASN). Therefore, it is affected by the challenges faced by UASNs such as the high dynamics of the underwater environment, the high transmission delays, low bandwidth, high-power consumption, and high bit error ratio. Due to these challenges, designing an efficient routing protocol for the IoUT is still a trade-off issue. In this paper, we discuss the specific challenges imposed by using UASN for enabling IoUT, we list and explain the general requirements for routing in the IoUT and we discuss how these challenges and requirements are addressed in literature routing protocols. Thus, the presented information lays a foundation for further investigations and futuristic proposals for efficient routing approaches in the IoUT

    An energy scaled and expanded vector-based forwarding scheme for industrial underwater acoustic sensor networks with sink mobility

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    Industrial Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (IUASNs) come with intrinsic challenges like long propagation delay, small bandwidth, large energy consumption, three-dimensional deployment, and high deployment and battery replacement cost. Any routing strategy proposed for IUASN must take into account these constraints. The vector based forwarding schemes in literature forward data packets to sink using holding time and location information of the sender, forwarder, and sink nodes. Holding time suppresses data broadcasts; however, it fails to keep energy and delay fairness in the network. To achieve this, we propose an Energy Scaled and Expanded Vector-Based Forwarding (ESEVBF) scheme. ESEVBF uses the residual energy of the node to scale and vector pipeline distance ratio to expand the holding time. Resulting scaled and expanded holding time of all forwarding nodes has a significant difference to avoid multiple forwarding, which reduces energy consumption and energy balancing in the network. If a node has a minimum holding time among its neighbors, it shrinks the holding time and quickly forwards the data packets upstream. The performance of ESEVBF is analyzed through in network scenario with and without node mobility to ensure its effectiveness. Simulation results show that ESEVBF has low energy consumption, reduces forwarded data copies, and less end-to-end delay

    Green Communication for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: Triangle Metric Based Multi-Layered Routing Protocol

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    [EN] In this paper, we propose a non-localization routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), namely, the triangle metric based multi-layered routing protocol (TM2RP). The main idea of the proposed TM2RP is to utilize supernodes along with depth information and residual energy to balance the energy consumption between sensors. Moreover, TM2RP is the first multi-layered and multi-metric pressure routing protocol that considers link quality with residual energy to improve the selection of next forwarding nodes with more reliable and energy-efficient links. The aqua-sim package based on the ns-2 simulator was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed TM2RP. The obtained results were compared to other similar methods such as depth based routing (DBR) and multi-layered routing protocol (MRP). Simulation results showed that the proposed protocol (TM2RP) obtained better outcomes in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay.This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah (under grant no. DF-524-156-1441). The authors, therefore, gratefully acknowledge DSR for the technical and financial supportKhasawneh, AM.; Kaiwartya, O.; Lloret, J.; Abuaddous, HY.; Abualigah, L.; Shinwan, MA.; Al-Khasawneh, MA.... (2020). Green Communication for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: Triangle Metric Based Multi-Layered Routing Protocol. Sensors. 20(24):1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247278123202

    Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks: A Survey from an Application Perspective

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    Underwater acoustic communications are different from terrestrial radio communications; acoustic channel is asymmetric and has large and variable end‐to‐end propagation delays, distance‐dependent limited bandwidth, high bit error rates, and multi‐path fading. Besides, nodes’ mobility and limited battery power also cause problems for networking protocol design. Among them, routing in underwater acoustic networks is a challenging task, and many protocols have been proposed. In this chapter, we first classify the routing protocols according to application scenarios, which are classified according to the number of sinks that an underwater acoustic sensor network (UASN) may use, namely single‐sink, multi‐sink, and no‐sink. We review some typical routing strategies proposed for these application scenarios, such as cross‐layer and reinforcement learning as well as opportunistic routing. Finally, some remaining key issues are highlighted

    Review on Localization based Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network

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    Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) can enable many scientific, military, safety, commercial and environmental applications. Majority of the network models has been introduced for the deployment of sensor nodes through routing schemes and methodologies along with different algorithms but still the design of routing protocol for underwater environment is a challenging issue due to distinctive characteristics of underwater medium. The majority of the issues are also needed to fulfill the appropriate approach for the underwater medium like limited bandwidth, high bit error rates, propagation delay, and 3D deployment. This paper focuses the comparative analysis of the localization based routing protocols for UWSN. This comparative analysis plays a significant attention to construct a reliable routing protocol, which provides the effectual discovery of the route between the source node and the sink node. In addition this comparative analysis also focuses the data packets forwarding mechanism, the deployment of sensor nodes and location based routing for UWSN in different conditions

    Clustered chain founded on ant colony optimization energy efficient routing scheme for under-water wireless sensor networks

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    One challenge in under-water wireless sensor networks (UWSN) is to find ways to improve the life duration of networks, since it is difficult to replace or recharge batteries in sensors by the solar energy. Thus, designing an energy-efficient protocol remains as a critical task. Many cluster-based routing protocols have been suggested with the goal of reducing overall energy consumption through data aggregation and balancing energy through cluster-head rotation. However, the majority of current protocols are concerned with load balancing within each cluster. In this paper we propose a clustered chain-based energy efficient routing algorithm called CCRA that can combine fuzzy c-means (FCM) and ant colony optimization (ACO) create and manage the data transmission in the network. Our analysis and results of simulations show a better energy management in the network

    Self-Organizing and Scalable Routing Protocol (SOSRP) for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

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    Las redes de sensores acústicas submarinas (UASN) han ganado mucha importancia en los últimos años: el 71% de la superficie de la Tierra está cubierta por océanos. La mayoría de ellos, aún no han sido explorados. Aplicaciones como prospección de yacimientos, prevención de desastres o recopilación de datos para estudios de biología marina se han convertido en el campo de interés para muchos investigadores. Sin embargo, las redes UASN tienen dos limitaciones: un medio muy agresivo (marino) y el uso de señales acústicas. Ello hace que las técnicas para redes de sensores inalámbricas (WSN) terrestres no sean aplicables. Tras realizar un recorrido por el estado del arte en protocolos para redes UASN, se propone en este TFM un protocolo de enrutamiento denominado "SOSRP", descentralizado y basado en tablas en cada nodo. Se usa como criterio para crear rutas una combinación del valor de saltos hasta el nodo recolector y la distancia. Las funciones previstas del protocolo abarcan: autoorganización de las rutas, tolerancia a fallos y detección de nodos aislados. Mediante la implementación en MATLAB de SOSRP así como de un modelo de propagación y energía apropiados para entorno marino, se obtienen resultados de rendimiento en distintos escenarios (variando nºextremo de paquetes, consumo de energía o longitud de rutas creadas (con y sin fallo). Los resultados obtenidos muestran una operación estable, fiable y adecuada para el despliegue y operación de los nodos en redes UASN
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