38 research outputs found
Fifty Years of Noise Modeling and Mitigation in Power-Line Communications.
Building on the ubiquity of electric power infrastructure, power line communications (PLC) has been successfully used in diverse application scenarios, including the smart grid and in-home broadband communications systems as well as industrial and home automation. However, the power line channel exhibits deleterious properties, one of which is its hostile noise environment. This article aims for providing a review of noise modeling and mitigation techniques in PLC. Specifically, a comprehensive review of representative noise models developed over the past fifty years is presented, including both the empirical models based on measurement campaigns and simplified mathematical models. Following this, we provide an extensive survey of the suite of noise mitigation schemes, categorizing them into mitigation at the transmitter as well as parametric and non-parametric techniques employed at the receiver. Furthermore, since the accuracy of channel estimation in PLC is affected by noise, we review the literature of joint noise mitigation and channel estimation solutions. Finally, a number of directions are outlined for future research on both noise modeling and mitigation in PLC
Expectation propagation as a solution for digital communication systems.
In the context of digital communications, a digital receiver is required to provide an estimation of the transmitted symbols. Nowadays channel decoders highly benefit from soft (probabilistic) estimates for each transmitted symbol rather than from hard decisions. For this reason, digital receivers must be designed to provide the probability that each possible symbol was transmitted based on the received corrupted signal. Since exact inference might be unfeasible in terms of complexity for high-order scenarios, it is necessary to resort to approximate inference, such as the linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) criterion. The LMMSE approximates the discrete prior information of the transmitted symbols with a Gaussian distribution, which causes a degradation in its performance. In this thesis, an alternative approximate statistical technique is applied to the design of a digital
probabilistic receiver in digital communications. Specifically, the expectation
propagation (EP) algorithm is investigated to find the Gaussian posterior probability density function (pdf) that minimizes the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence with respect to the true posterior pdf. Two different communication system scenarios are studied: a single-input singleoutput (SISO) digital communication system with memory channel and a multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO) system with memoryless channel. In the SISO scenario, three different designs of a soft standalone and turbo equalizer based on the EP algorithm are developed: the block or batch approach, the filter-type
version that emulates theWiener filter behavior and the smoothing equalizer which proceeds similarly to a Kalman smoother. Finally, the block EP implementation is also adapted to MIMO scenarios with feedback from the decoder. In both scenarios, the EP is applied iteratively, including a damping mechanism and a control to avoid negative values of variances, which would lead to instabilities (specially for high-order constellations). Experimental results included through the thesis show that the EP algorithm applied to communication systems greatly improves the performance of previous approaches found in the literature with a complexity slightly increased but still proportional to that of the LMMSE. These results also show the robustness of the algorithm even for high-order modulations, large memory channels and high number of antennas. Major contributions of this dissertation have been published in four journal (one of them is still under review) and two conference papers. One more paper will be submitted to a journal soon. All these papers are listed below:
• Irene Santos, Juan José Murillo-Fuentes, Rafael Boloix-Tortosa, Eva Arias
de Reyna and Pablo M. Olmos, "Expectation Propagation as Turbo Equalizer
in ISI Channels," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 65, no.1, pp.
360-370, Jan 2017.
• Irene Santos, Juan José Murillo-Fuentes, Eva Arias de Reyna and Pablo M.
Olmos, "Turbo EP-based Equalization: a Filter-Type Implementation," IEEE
Transactions on Communications, Sep 2017, Accepted. [Online] Available:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8353388/
• Irene Santos, Juan José Murillo-Fuentes, Eva Arias-de-Reyna and Pablo M.
Olmos, "Probabilistic Equalization With a Smoothing Expectation Propagation
Approach," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 16,
no. 5, pp. 2950-2962, May 2017.
• Irene Santos, Juan José Murillo-Fuentes and Eva Arias-de-Reyna, "Equalization
with Expectation Propagation at Smoothing Level," To be submitted.
[Online] Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.00806
• Irene Santos and Juan José Murillo-Fuentes, "EP-based turbo detection for
MIMO receivers and large-scale systems," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular
Technology, May 2018, Under review. [Online] Available:
https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.05065
• Irene Santos, Juan José Murillo-Fuentes, and Pablo M. Olmos, "Block
expectation propagation equalization for ISI channels," 23rd European Signal
Processing Conference (EUSIPCO 2015), Nice, 2015, pp. 379-383.
• Irene Santos, and Juan José Murillo-Fuentes, "Improved probabilistic EPbased receiver for MIMO systems and high-order modulations," XXXIII
Simposium Nacional de la Unión Científica Internacional de Radio (URSI
2018), Granada, 2018.En el ámbito de las comunicaciones digitales, es necesario un receptor digital que proporcione una estimación de los símbolos transmitidos. Los decodificadores de canal actuales se benefician enormemente de estimaciones suaves (probabilísticas) de cada símbolo transmitido, en vez de estimaciones duras. Por este motivo, los receptores digitales deben diseñarse para proporcionar la probabilidad de cada posible símbolo que fue transmitido en base a la señal recibida y corrupta. Dado que la inferencia exacta puede no ser posible en términos de complejidad para escenarios de alto orden, es necesario recurrir a inferencia aproximada, como por
ejemplo el criterio de linear minimum-mean-square-error (LMMSE). El LMMSE aproxima la información a priori discreta de los símbolos transmitidos con una distribución Gaussiana, lo cual provoca una degradación en su resultado. En esta tesis, se aplica una técnica alternativa de inferencia estadística para diseñar un receptor digital probabilístico de comunicaciones digitales. En concreto, se investiga el algoritmo expectation propagation (EP) con el objetivo de encontrar la función densidad de probabilidad (pdf) a posteriori Gaussiana que minimiza la divergencia de Kullback-Leibler (KL) con respecto a la pdf a posteriori verdadera. Se estudian dos escenarios de comunicaciones digitales diferentes: un sistema de comunicaciones single-input single-output (SISO) con canales con memoria y un sistema multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) con canales sin memoria. Para el
escenario SISO se proponen tres diseños diferentes para un igualador probabilístico, tanto simple como turbo, que está basado en el algoritmo EP: una versión bloque, una versión filtrada que emula el comportamiento de un filtroWiener y una versión smoothing que funciona de forma similar a un Kalman smoother. Finalmente, la implementación del EP en bloque se adapta también para escenarios MIMO con realimentación desde el decodificador. En ambos escenarios, el EP se aplica de forma iterativa, incluyendo un mecanismo de damping y un control para evitar valores de varianzas negativas, que darían lugar a inestabilidades (especialmente, en
constelaciones de alto orden). Los resultados experimentales que se incluyen en la tesis muestran que, cuando el algoritmo EP se aplica a sistemas de comunicaciones, se mejora notablemente el resultado de otras propuestas anteriores que existen en la literatura, con un pequeño incremento de la complejidad que es proporcional a la carga del LMMSE. Estos resultados también demuestran la robustez del algoritmo incluso para modulaciones de alto orden, canales con bastante memoria y un gran número de antenas.
Las principales contribuciones de esta tesis se han publicado en cuatro artículos de revista (uno de ellos todavía bajo revisión) y dos artículos de conferencia. Otro artículo adicional se encuentra en preparación y se enviaría próximamente a una revista. Estos se citan a continuación:
• Irene Santos, Juan José Murillo-Fuentes, Rafael Boloix-Tortosa, Eva Arias
de Reyna and Pablo M. Olmos, "Expectation Propagation as Turbo Equalizer
in ISI Channels," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 65, no.1, pp.
360-370, Jan 2017.
• Irene Santos, Juan José Murillo-Fuentes, Eva Arias de Reyna and Pablo
M. Olmos, "Turbo EP-based Equalization: a Filter-Type Implementation,"
IEEE Transactions on Communications, Sep 2017, Aceptado. [Online]
Disponible: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8353388/
• Irene Santos, Juan José Murillo-Fuentes, Eva Arias-de-Reyna and Pablo M.
Olmos, "Probabilistic Equalization With a Smoothing Expectation Propagation
Approach," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 16,
no. 5, pp. 2950-2962, May 2017.
• Irene Santos, Juan José Murillo-Fuentes and Eva Arias-de-Reyna, "Equalization with Expectation Propagation at Smoothing Level," En preparación. [Online] Disponible: https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.00806
• Irene Santos and Juan José Murillo-Fuentes, "EP-based turbo detection for
MIMO receivers and large-scale systems," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular
Technology, May 2018, En revisión. [Online] Disponible: https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.05065
• Irene Santos, Juan José Murillo-Fuentes, and Pablo M. Olmos, "Block
expectation propagation equalization for ISI channels," 23rd European Signal
Processing Conference (EUSIPCO 2015), Nice, 2015, pp. 379-383.
• Irene Santos, and Juan José Murillo-Fuentes, "Improved probabilistic EPbased receiver for MIMO systems and high-order modulations," XXXIII Simposium Nacional de la Unión Científica Internacional de Radio (URSI
2018), Granada, 2018
A High-speed Reconfigurable Free Space Optical Communication System Utilizing Software Defined Radio Environment
Free space optical (FSO) communication allows for high-speed data transmissions while also being extremely cost-effective by using visible or infrared wavelengths to transmit and receive data wirelessly through the free space channel. However, FSO links are highly susceptible to the effects of the atmosphere, particularly turbulence, smoke, and fog. On the other hand, FSO itself does not provide enough flexibility to address the issue of such blockage and obstruction caused by objects and atmospheric conditions. This research investigates, proposes, and evaluates a software defined multiple input multiple output (MIMO) FSO system to ensure link availability and reliability under weather conditions as part of the last mile access in the 5th generation, 6th generation, and beyond. Software defined radio (SDR) technology is adopted in order to provide a certain degree of flexibility to the optical wireless communications system. The scope of this research focuses on the design, validation, implementation, and evaluation of a novel adaptive switching algorithm i.e., activating additional transmitters of a MIMO FSO system using a software defined ecosystem. The main issues are the compactness of the experimental design; the limitation of software-oriented signal generation; robustness; reliability; and the quality of service. As part of the system design, the thresholding method, a decision-making process via the feedback link, and a spatial diversity technique is adopted to carry out the adaptive switching. The adaptive switching is performed via a feedback link in which the atmospheric loss and scintillation index are calculated for fog and turbulence respectively. The initial design is implemented in SDR/ GNURadio for a real-time emulation of the proposed system to enhance the system flexibility of a traditional MIMO FSO system. A bit-by-bit comparison is performed with the GNURadio signal processing block and BERT for a real-time BER estimation. However, based on the initial results, the switching mechanism can only overcome the effect of turbulence at a certain level. A new design to mainly mitigate the varying fog conditions is proposed based on the SDR-based adaptive switching for a gigabit ethernet (GbE) MIMO FSO system and tested in a 5 m dedicated atmospheric chamber. The proposed system is implemented using off-the-shelf components such as a media converter, small form pluggable transceivers, optical switch, and power meter to estimate the channel state information. A new Schmitt trigger-based thresholding method is also introduced. The proposed software defined GbE MIMO FSO with an adaptive switching algorithm is fabricated, implemented, and investigated. The results are also compared with the real-time simulated data. Since the purpose of this Ph.D. is to explain and demonstrate the proof of concept for the proposed SDR-MIMO FSO system, the emphasis has been on the design, evaluation, and minimal performance requirements rather than maximizing the data rate. The outcome of the thesis will be a huge degree of flexibility and mitigation property MIMO FSO can offer with the help of SDR. It will be shown that the designed system has the capability to provide data transmission with 99.999% availability with a packet error rate and data rate of 7.2 ×10−2 and ~120 Mbps respectively, under extremely harsh fog conditions with visibility V of < 11 m
Méthodes de codage et d'estimation adaptative appliquées aux communications sans fil
Les recherches et les contributions présentées portent sur des techniques de traitement du signal appliquées aux communications sans fil. Elles s’articulent autour des points suivants : (1) l’estimation adaptative de canaux de communication dans différents contextes applicatifs, (2) la correction de bruit impulsionnel et la réduction du niveau de PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) dans un système multi-porteuse, (3) l’optimisation de schémas de transmission pour la diffusion sur des canaux gaussiens avec/sans contrainte de sécurité, (4) l’analyse, l’interprétation et l’amélioration des algorithmes de décodage itératif par le biais de l’optimisation, de la théorie des jeux et des outils statistiques. L’accent est plus particulièrement mis sur le dernier thème
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Silicon Photonic Subsystems for Inter-Chip Optical Networks
The continuous growth of electronic compute and memory nodes in terms of the number of I/O pins, bandwidth, and areal throughput poses major integration and packaging challenges associated with offloading multi-Tbit/s data rates within the few pJ/bit targets. While integrated photonics are already deployed in long and short distances such as inter and intra data centers communications, the promising characteristics of the silicon photonic platform set it as the future technology for optical interconnects in ultra short inter-chip distances. The high index contrast between the waveguide and the cladding together with strong thermo-optic and carrier effects in silicon allows developing a wide range of micro-scale and low power optical devices compatible with the CMOS fabrication processes. Furthermore, the availability of photonic foundries and new electrical and optical co-packaging techniques further pushes this platform for the next steps of commercial deployment.
The work in this dissertation presents the current trends in high-performance memory and processor nodes and gives motivation for disaggregated and reconfigurable inter-chip network enabled with the silicon photonic layer. A dense WDM transceiver and broadband switch architectures are discussed to support a bi-directional network of ten hybrid-memory cubes (HMC) interconnected to ten processor nodes with an overall aggregated bandwidth of 9.6Tbit/s. Latency and energy consumption are key performance parameters in a processor to primary memory nodes connectivity. The transceiver design is based on energy-efficient micro-ring resonators, and the broadband switch is constructed with 2x2 Mach-Zehnder elements for nano-second reconfiguration. Each transceiver is based on hundreds of micro-rings to convert the native HMC electrical protocol to the optical domain and the switch is based on tens of hundreds of 2x2 elements to achieve non-blocking all-to-all connectivity.
The next chapters focus on developing methods for controlling and monitoring such complex and highly integrated silicon photonic subsystems. The thermo-optic effect is characterized and we show experimentally that the phase of the optical carrier can be reliably controlled with pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal, ultimately relaxing the need for hundreds of digital to analog converters (DACs). We further show that doped waveguide heaters can be utilized as \textit{in-line} optical power monitors by measuring photo-conductance current, which is an alternative for the conventional tapping and integration of photo-diodes.
The next part concerned with a common cascaded micro-ring resonator in a WDM transceiver design. We develop on an FPGA control algorithm that abstracts the physical layer and takes user-defined inputs to set the resonances to the desired wavelength in a unicast and multicast transmission modes. The associated sensitivities of these silicon ring resonators are presented and addressed with three closed-loop solutions. We first show a closed-loop operation based on tapping the error signal from the drop port of the micro-ring. The second solution presents a resonance wavelength locking with a single digital I/O for control and feedback signals. Lastly, we leverage the photo-conductance effect and demonstrate the locking procedure using only the doped heater for both control and feedback purposes.
To achieve the inter-chip reconfigurability we discuss recent advances of high-port-count SiP broadband switches for reconfigurable inter-chip networks. To ensure optimal operation in terms of low insertion loss, low cross-talk and high signal integrity per routing path, hundreds of 2x2 Mach-Zehnder elements need to be biased precisely for the cross and bar states. We address this challenge with a tapless and a design agnostic calibration approach based on the photo-conductance effect. The automated algorithm returns a look-up table for all for each 2x2 element and the associated calibrated biases. Each routing scenario is then tested for insertion loss, crosstalk and bit-error rate of 25Gbit/s 4-level pulse amplitude modulation signals. The last part utilizes the Mach-Zehnder interferometers in WDM transceiver applications. We demonstrate a polarization insensitive four-channel WDM receiver with 40Gbit/s per channel and a transmitter design generating 8-level pulse amplitude modulation signals at 30Gbit/s
On Efficient Signal Processing Algorithms for Signal Detection and PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems
The driving force of the study is susceptibility of LS algorithm to noise. As LS algorithm is simple to implement, hence it’s performance improvement can contribute a lot to the wireless technology that are especially deals with high computation. Cascading of AdaBoost algorithm with LS greatly influences the OFDM system performance. Performance of Adaptive Boosting based symbol recovery was investigated on the performance of LS, MMSE, BLUE were also compared with the performance of AdaBoost algorithm and MMSE has been found the higher computational complexity. Furthermore, MMSE also requires apriori channel statistics and computational complexity O(5N3) of the MMSE increases exponentially as the number of carrier increases. For the Adaboost case the computational complexity calculation is little different.Therefore, in the training stage of the AdaBoost algorithm, the computational complexity is only O(nT M) Furthermore, as it is a classification algorithm so in the receiver side we will require a separate de-mapper (or decoder) to get the desired data bits, i.e., a. SAS aided DCT based PAPR reduction 1326 and b. SAS aided DCT based PAPR reduction. A successive addition subtraction preprocessed DCT based PAPR reduction technique was proposed. Here, the performance of proposed method was compared with other preexisting techniques like SLM and PTS and the performance of the proposed method was seen to outperform specially in low PAPR region. In the proposed PAPR reduction method, the receiver is aware of the transmitted signal processing, this enables a reverse operation at the receiver to extract the transmit data. Hence the requirement of sending extra information through extra subcarrier is eliminated. The proposed method is also seen to be spectrally efficient. In the case of PTS and SLM it is inevitable to send the side information to retrieve the transmit signal. Hence, these two methods are spectrally inefficient. Successive addition subtraction based PAPR reduction method was also applied to MIMO systems. The performance of the SAS based PAPR reduction method also showed better performance as compared to other technique. An extensive simulation of MIMO OFDM PAPR reduction was carried out by varying the number of subcarriers and number of transmitter antennas. A detailed computational complexity analysis was also carried out. BATE aided SDMA multi user detection. A detailed study of SDMA system was carried out with it’s mathematical analysis.Many linear and non linear detectors like ML, MMSE, PIC, SIC have been proposed in literature for multiuser detection of SDMA system. However, except MMSE every receivers other are computational extensive. So as to enhance the performance of the MMSE MUD a meta heuristic Bat algorithm was incorporated in cascade with MMSE
Spatial diversity in MIMO communication systems with distributed or co-located antennas
The use of multiple antennas in wireless communication systems has gained much attention during the last decade. It was shown that such multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems offer huge advantages over single-antenna systems. Typically, quite restrictive assumptions are made concerning the spacing of the individual antenna elements. On the one hand, it is typically assumed that the antenna elements at transmitter and receiver are co-located, i.e., they belong to some sort of antenna array. On the other hand, it is often assumed that the antenna spacings are sufficiently large, so as to justify the assumption of independent fading. In this thesis, the above assumptions are relaxed. In the first part, it is shown that MIMO systems with distributed antennas and MIMO systems with co-located antennas can be treated in a single, unifying framework. In the second part this fact is utilized, in order to develop appropriate transmit power allocation strategies for co-located and distributed MIMO systems. Finally, the third part focuses on specific synchronization problems that are of interest for distributed MIMO systems
Radio Communications
In the last decades the restless evolution of information and communication technologies (ICT) brought to a deep transformation of our habits. The growth of the Internet and the advances in hardware and software implementations modified our way to communicate and to share information. In this book, an overview of the major issues faced today by researchers in the field of radio communications is given through 35 high quality chapters written by specialists working in universities and research centers all over the world. Various aspects will be deeply discussed: channel modeling, beamforming, multiple antennas, cooperative networks, opportunistic scheduling, advanced admission control, handover management, systems performance assessment, routing issues in mobility conditions, localization, web security. Advanced techniques for the radio resource management will be discussed both in single and multiple radio technologies; either in infrastructure, mesh or ad hoc networks
Coded-OFDM for PLC systems in non-Gaussian noise channels
PhD ThesisNowadays, power line communication (PLC) is a technology that uses the power
line grid for communication purposes along with transmitting electrical energy, for
providing broadband services to homes and offices such as high-speed data, audio,
video and multimedia applications. The advantages of this technology are to eliminate
the need for new wiring and AC outlet plugs by using an existing infrastructure,
ease of installation and reduction of the network deployment cost. However,
the power line grid is originally designed for the transmission of the electric power
at low frequencies; i.e. 50/60 Hz. Therefore, the PLC channel appears as a harsh
medium for low-power high-frequency communication signals. The development
of PLC systems for providing high-speed communication needs precise knowledge
of the channel characteristics such as the attenuation, non-Gaussian noise and selective
fading. Non-Gaussian noise in PLC channels can classify into Nakagami-m
background interference (BI) noise and asynchronous impulsive noise (IN) modelled
by a Bernoulli-Gaussian mixture (BGM) model or Middleton class A (MCA)
model. Besides the effects of the multipath PLC channel, asynchronous impulsive
noise is the main reason causing performance degradation in PLC channels.
Binary/non-binary low-density parity check B/NB-(LDPC) codes and turbo codes
(TC) with soft iterative decoders have been proposed for Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system to improve the bit error rate (BER) performance
degradation by exploiting frequency diversity. The performances are investigated
utilizing high-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) in the presence
of non-Gaussian noise over multipath broadband power-line communication (BBPLC)
channels. OFDM usually spreads the effect of IN over multiple sub-carriers
after discrete Fourier transform (DFT) operation at the receiver, hence, it requires
only a simple single-tap zero forcing (ZF) equalizer at the receiver.
The thesis focuses on improving the performance of iterative decoders by deriving
the effective, complex-valued, ratio distributions of the noise samples at the zeroforcing
(ZF) equalizer output considering the frequency-selective multipath PLCs,
background interference noise and impulsive noise, and utilizing the outcome for
computing the apriori log likelihood ratios (LLRs) required for soft decoding algorithms.
On the other hand, Physical-Layer Network Coding (PLNC) is introduced to help
the PLC system to extend the range of operation for exchanging information between
two users (devices) using an intermediate relay (hub) node in two-time slots
in the presence of non-Gaussian noise over multipath PLC channels. A novel detection
scheme is proposed to transform the transmit signal constellation based on
the frequency-domain channel coefficients to optimize detection at the relay node
with newly derived noise PDF at the relay and end nodes. Additionally, conditions
for optimum detection utilizing a high-order constellation are derived. The closedform
expressions of the BER and average BER upper-bound (AUB) are derived for
a point-to-point system, and for a PLNC system at the end node to relay, relay to
end node and at the end-to-end nodes. Moreover, the convergence behaviour of
iterative decoders is evaluated using EXtrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) chart
analysis and upper bound analyses. Furthermore, an optimization of the threshold
determination for clipping and blanking impulsive noise mitigation methods are
derived. The proposed systems are compared in performance using simulation in
MATLAB and analytical methods.Ministry of
Higher Education in Ira