13 research outputs found
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Concatenated LDPC-TCM coding for reliable storage in multi-level flash memories
In this paper, we present an efficient fault tolerant solution for multi-level per cell (MLC) flash memory that concatenates trellis coded modulation (TCM) with an outer low-density parity-check (LDPC) code. Traditional flash coding systems employ simple hard-decisions based codes, such as Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, that can correct a fixed, specified number of errors. Thanks to the Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek, and Raviv (BCJR) algorithm, the TCM decoder within the proposed design can provide soft decisions which make it possible to use the more powerful LDPC codes. Moreover, the error-correction performance is further improved since TCM can decrease the raw error rate of MLC and hence relieve the burden of outer LDPC code. The effectiveness of concatenated LDPC-TCM systems has been successfully demonstrated through computer simulations
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Data reliability and error correction for NAND Flash Memory System
NAND flash memory has been widely used for data storage due to its high density, high throughput, and low power. However, as the flash memory scales to smaller process technologies and stores more bits per cell, its reliability is decreasing. The error correction coding can be used to significantly improve the data reliability; nevertheless, the advanced ECCs such as low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes generally demand soft decisions while NAND flash memory channel provides hard-decisions only. Extracting the soft information requires the accurate characterization of flash memory channel and the effective design of coding schemes.
To this end, we have presented a novel LDPC-TCM coding scheme for the Multilevel Cell (MLC) flash memories. The a posteriori TCM decoding algorithm is used in the scheme to generate soft information, which is fed to the LDPC decoder for further correction of data bits. It has been demonstrated that the proposed scheme can achieve higher error correction performance than the traditional hard-decisions based flash coding algorithms, and is feasible in the design practice. Further with the LDPC-TCM, we believe it is important to characterize the flash memory channel and investigate a method to calculate the soft decision for each bit, with the available channel outputs. We studied the various noises and interferences occurring in the memory channel and mathematically formulated the probability density function of the overall noise distribution. Based on the results we derived the final distribution for the cell threshold voltages, which can be used to instruct the calculation of soft decisions. The discoveries on the theoretical level have been demonstrated to be consistent with the real channel behaviours. The channel characterization and model provided in this dissertation can enable more design of soft-decisions based ECCs for future NAND flash memories.
The data pattern processing algorithm deals with the write patterns and targets to lower the proportion of patterns that would introduce data errors. On the other hand, the voltages applied to the memory cells charges the MOSFET capacitances frequently on programming these data patterns, leading to the power problem. The high energy consumption and current spikes also cause reliability issue to the data stored in the flash memory. This dissertation proposes a write pattern formatting algorithm (WPFA) attempting to solve the two problems together. We have designed and implemented the algorithm and evaluated its performance through both the software simulations and hardware synthesis
Signal Processing for Caching Networks and Non-volatile Memories
The recent information explosion has created a pressing need for faster and more reliable data storage and transmission schemes. This thesis focuses on two systems: caching networks and non-volatile storage systems. It proposes network protocols to improve the efficiency of information delivery and signal processing schemes to reduce errors at the physical layer as well. This thesis first investigates caching and delivery strategies for content delivery networks. Caching has been investigated as a useful technique to reduce the network burden by prefetching some contents during oΛ-peak hours. Coded caching [1] proposed by Maddah-Ali and Niesen is the foundation of our algorithms and it has been shown to be a useful technique which can reduce peak traffic rates by encoding transmissions so that different users can extract different information from the same packet. Content delivery networks store information distributed across multiple servers, so as to balance the load and avoid unrecoverable losses in case of node or disk failures. On one hand, distributed storage limits the capability of combining content from different servers into a single message, causing performance losses in coded caching schemes. But, on the other hand, the inherent redundancy existing in distributed storage systems can be used to improve the performance of those schemes through parallelism. This thesis proposes a scheme combining distributed storage of the content in multiple servers and an efficient coded caching algorithm for delivery to the users. This scheme is shown to reduce the peak transmission rate below that of state-of-the-art algorithms
ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡ-ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ
ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡ-ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ° Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ°. Π£ΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡ-ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Β«ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ β ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ». Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π΄Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡ-ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ° β Π£ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°, Π° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ Π ΠΈΠ΄Π° β Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ β Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 4β¦5.
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡ-ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΌΠ°, Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (input-dependent additive Gaussian noise, ID-AGN). ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π ΠΈΠ΄Π° β Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ β Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 4 β Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ
ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡ-ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ
One of the approaches to organization of error correcting coding for multilevel flash memory is based on concatenated construction, in particular, on multidimensional lattices for inner coding. A characteristic feature of such structures is the dominance of the complexity of the outer decoder in the total decoder complexity. Therefore the concatenated construction with low-complexity outer decoder may be attractive since in practical applications the decoder complexity is the crucial limitation for the usage of the error correction coding.
We consider a concatenated coding scheme for multilevel flash memory with the Barnes-Wall lattice based codes as an inner code and the Reed-Solomon code with correction up to 4β¦5 errors as an outer one.
Performance analysis is fulfilled for a model characterizing the basic physical features of a flash memory cell with non-uniform target voltage levels and noise variance dependent on the recorded value (input-dependent additive Gaussian noise, ID-AGN). For this model we develop a modification of our approach for evaluation the error probability for the inner code. This modification uses the parallel structure of the inner code trellis which significantly reduces the computational complexity of the performance estimation. We present numerical examples of achievable recording density for the Reed-Solomon codes with correction up to four errors as the outer code for wide range of the retention time and number of write/read cycles.ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡ-ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ° Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ°. Π£ΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡ-ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Β«ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ β ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ». Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π΄Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡ-ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ° β Π£ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°, Π° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ Π ΠΈΠ΄Π° β Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ β Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 4β¦5.
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡ-ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΌΠ°, Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (input-dependent additive Gaussian noise, ID-AGN). ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π ΠΈΠ΄Π° β Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ β Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 4 β Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ
Law and Policy for the Quantum Age
Law and Policy for the Quantum Age is for readers interested in the political and business strategies underlying quantum sensing, computing, and communication. This work explains how these quantum technologies work, future national defense and legal landscapes for nations interested in strategic advantage, and paths to profit for companies
Personality Identification from Social Media Using Deep Learning: A Review
Social media helps in sharing of ideas and information among people scattered around the world and thus helps in creating communities, groups, and virtual networks. Identification of personality is significant in many types of applications such as in detecting the mental state or character of a person, predicting job satisfaction, professional and personal relationship success, in recommendation systems. Personality is also an important factor to determine individual variation in thoughts, feelings, and conduct systems. According to the survey of Global social media research in 2018, approximately 3.196 billion social media users are in worldwide. The numbers are estimated to grow rapidly further with the use of mobile smart devices and advancement in technology. Support vector machine (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), Multilayer perceptron neural network, and convolutional neural network (CNN) are some of the machine learning techniques used for personality identification in the literature review. This paper presents various studies conducted in identifying the personality of social media users with the help of machine learning approaches and the recent studies that targeted to predict the personality of online social media (OSM) users are reviewed