Anti-bribery and corruption reporting disclosures

Part of a series of research projects which analyses disclosures on areas of non-financial performance by Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) companies.Publisher PD

Gender, Vending and Livelihood Sustainability in Zimbabwean Urban Areas: A Case Study of Katanga ‘Speed’ Market in Norton

This study explored the link between gender, vending and livelihood sustainability in Zimbabwean urban areas. The focus was on female and male vendors at Katanga ‘Speed’ market in Norton. Participants were female and male vendors selling food items including meat, poultry and fish products. Purposive sampling was adopted for the study. Data on the experiences, views and perceptions on vending activities was generated through observation, photography and interviews. Data analysis was done through descriptive statistics and corresponding percentages. In addition, data from interviews was analyzed thematically using common themes that emerged from the interviews on the challenges faced by vendors. To analyze the sustainability of the vending activities from a health perspective, the study questioned the reasons why vendors were not relocating to an established vending site less than two kilometers from the ‘Speed’ market, choosing to remain where there are no toilets or water facilities. The research recommends council authorities to prioritize the relocation of vendors and the involvement of organizations on educating vendors on food handling and hygiene to safeguard the health of the people consuming food sold at Katanga Keywords: Gender, vendors, informal sector, women, livelihood, fish, meat, urban areas. DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/9-3-16 Publication date:March 31st 201

Gender Dynamics in the Development of the Rural and Urban Informal Sector in Zimbabwe

This paper argues that the development of the informal sector has been characterized by varied degrees of dynamics which have to a greater extent shaped the gender bargaining in societies, especially amongst the Zimbabwean men and women. Men and women in the urban and Rural Zimbabwe have articulated the socio-economic and challenges offered by the informal sector differently. It is as a result of the different articulations that Zimbabwe’s informal sector has seen a much viable gendered nature of the sector as a whole. Thus this current write up seeks to carry out an evaluation of the gender dynamics of the rural and urban informal economy. Special emphasis will be on the evolutionary aspect of the development since the country’s independence. Keywords: Gender dynamics, development, informal sector, women, economy, rural, urban

Gender dynamics in the development of the rural and urban informal sector in Zimbabwe

This paper argues that the development of the informal sector has been characterized by varied degrees of dynamics which has to a greater extent shaped the gender bargaining in societies, especially amongst the Zimbabwean men and women. Men and women in the urban and Rural Zimbabwe have articulated the socio-economic and challenges offered by the informal sector differently. It is as a result of the different articulations that Zimbabwe’s informal sector has seen a much viable gendered nature of the sector as a whole. Thus this current write up seeks to carry out an evaluation of the gender dynamics of the rural and urban informal economy. Special emphasis will be on the evolutionary aspect of the development since the country’s independence. Key Words: Gender dynamics, development, informal sector, women, economy, rural, urban

Interogating Women’s Participation in Parliament through the Quota System in Sub-Saharan Africa

This paper is a systematic review of literature on the implementation of quota systems by the Sub Saharan African Governments. The literature reviewed is from global, regional and national documents explaining the adoption, implementation and the outcomes of the quota system as a mechanism for creating space for women in politics. The paper discusses theoretical and conceptual frameworks underpinning the understanding and appreciation of the quota system. Armatya Sen’s capabilities approach is analyzed in an effort to evaluate factors that contribute towards the effectiveness of the quota system. Taking cognizance of the fact that there is no perfect approach, the paper also highlights the shortcomings of the approach. Themes that emerge from related literature that pertains to women’s political participation and their effectiveness is also discussed in this paper. These themes are of importance in this current research because they provide grounded information about context as well as female political actors’ lived experiences. For easier referencing the reviewed literature is structured in the following manner: theoretical framework; conceptualization of political participation; historical overview of the quota system; and the mechanisms and strategies adopted by various states and governments to improve the effectiveness of female political actors. The paper ends with a summary of the discussion. Keywords: women, quota system, politics, parliament, sub-Saharan Africa

Thermal history of the early Miocene Waitemata Basin and adjacent Waipapa Group, North Island, New Zealand

Apatite fission track (AFT) and vitrinite reflectance (VR) data for early Miocene outcrops from the Waitemata Basin reveal that the basin sequence was subjected to shallow burial before denudation. AFT results suggest that the total sediment thickness within the basin was <=1 km and maximum paleotemperatures during burial never exceeded c. 60deg.C. Statistical analyses of the detrital AFT ages distinguish four dominant sources of sediment supply: contemporaneous volcanism; metagreywacke rocks of the Waipapa Group; the Northland Allochthon; and an unidentified source south of the basin. The apatite and zircon fission track results from the Waipapa Group rocks (Gondwana Terrane) adjacent to the basin suggest two discrete phases of accelerated cooling: the first during the early Cretaceous (c. 117 Ma) and the second during the mid Cretaceous (c. 84 Ma). These events probably reflect key stages in the tectonic development of the New Zealand microcontinent during the Cretaceous period, the earlier event being related to the climax of compressional deformation (Rangitata Orogeny) and the latter to extensional tectonism associated with the opening of the Tasman Sea. Waipapa Group rocks now exposed at the surface cooled from maximum paleotemperatures of c. 250deg.C at an estimated rate of c. 180-36deg.C/m.y., involving substantial denudation

With women in mind: Are they passive victims or active agents of civil strife? Reflections from the fast track land reform era in Zimbabwe.

The objective of this paper is to examine the extent to which women in Zimbabwe have been affected by civil strife and economic downturn. The paper seeks to show how in some instances women emerge as active agents in either perpetuating violence or positively responding to the impact of the civil strife to advocate for positive changes. Of interest to this paper are events emerging since the fast track land reform in the year 2000. Of great interest are such milestones as women’s participation in the rejection of the 1999 constitution; the fast track land reform programme; the 2000, 2002, 2008 and 2013 elections; and women’s participation in the inclusive government. These milestones and events have been anchored on, and sustained by women’s organizations such as Women Coalition Zimbabwe and Women in Politics Caucasus Unity. The paper concludes by highlighting instances where women have as a result of limited choices been forced to dispel their problems by desperately getting themselves into illegal activities which in reality exacerbates the civil strife in the country. Key words: women, civil strife, conflict, violence, active agents, fast track land reform.

Administrative Balance

Two of the most discussed administrative-law theories in contemporary discussion are executive preemption and big waiver. Executive preemption is the idea that agency regulations preempt state law by extension of the federal statutes the agencies are charged with enforcing. Big waiver is the idea that Congress delegates, to administrative agencies, the power to waive statutory provisions. The constitutional questions raised by executive preemption and big waiver can be put in the following terms. Executive preemption raises constitutional issues as regulatory agencies go farther and farther away from the “clear statement” of a given statute. Thus, one wonders whether agencies are turning themselves into an unconstitutional lawmaking body. Big waiver also raises constitutional issues. To some, it inverts the traditional approach to delegation and allows regulatory agencies to, in part, cancel laws that Congress passed. Executive preemption and big waiver currently constitute two separate theories of administrative law. This paper instead argues that these theories should be thought of in tandem. Executive preemption takes rights away from the states and big waiver gives rights back. As such, these tools allow agencies to balance federalism concerns in our present era of legislative gridlock