Social Capital as Good Culture

To explain the extremely long-term persistence (more than 500 years) of positive historical experiences of cooperation (Putnam 1993), we model the intergenerational transmission of priors about the trustworthiness of others. We show that this transmission tends to be biased toward excessively conservative priors. As a result, societies can be trapped in a low-trust equilibrium. In this context, a temporary shock to the return to trusting can have a permanent effect on the level of trust. We validate the model by testing its predictions on the World Values Survey data and the German Socio Economic Panel. We also present some anecdotal evidence that differences in priors across regions are reflected in the spirit of the novels that originate from those regions.

From ‘motivational climate’ to ‘motivational atmosphere’: a review of research examining the social and environmental influences on athlete motivation in sport

This chapter is intended to provide a comprehensive review of the various theories of social and environmental factors that influence athletes’ motivation in sport. In order to achieve this, a short historical review is conducted of the various ways in which motivation has been studied over the past 100 years, culminating in the ‘social-cognitive’ approach that undergirds several of the current theories of motivation in sport. As an outcome of this brief review, the conceptualisation and measurement of motivation are discussed, with a focus on the manner in which motivation may be influenced by key social agents in sport, such as coaches, parents and peers. This discussion leads to a review of Deci & Ryan’s (2000) self-determination theory (SDT), which specifies that environments and contexts which support basic psychological needs (competence, relatedness and autonomy) will produce higher quality motivation than environments which frustrate of exacerbate these needs. The research establishing the ways in which key social agents can support these basic needs is then reviewed, and the review depicts a situation wherein SDT has precipitated a way of studying the socio-environmental influences on motivation that has become quite piecemeal and fragmented. Following this, the motivational climate approach (Ames, 1992) specified in achievement-goals theory (AGT – Nicholls, 1989) is also reviewed. This section reveals a body of research which is highly consistent in its methodology and findings. The following two sections reflect recent debates regarding the nature of achievement goals and the way they are conceptualised (e.g., approach-avoidance goals and social goals), and the implications of this for motivational climate research are discussed. This leads to a section reviewing the current issues and concerns in the study of social and environmental influences on athlete motivation. Finally, future research directions and ideas are proposed to facilitate, precipitate and guide further research into the social and environmental influences on athlete motivation in sport. Recent studies that have attempted to address these issues are reviewed and their contribution is assessed

CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN THE EUROPEAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT. EU-US COMPARISON

When interacting with people from different cultures, it is natural to interpret their actions through your own culture's standards. However, doing so can cause misunderstandings. If you employ or conduct business with people from other countries, you can avoid misunderstandings by recognizing cultural differences, such as communication styles, religious beliefs, power structures, and attitudes toward time and work. Your relationships with people from other cultures are enhanced when you are aware of cultural differences.Cultural diversity, international business, European business environment

Developing online extensive reading and listening materials

This paper aims to explain the process of creating extensive reading (ER) and extensive listening materials (EL) for learners of English. Four graded readers and four episodes of a podcast were produced in collaboration with other graduate students and faculty at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Although a direct learner population is not specified, these materials were designed for second/foreign English language learners preparing for or entering their first years at an English medium university. The main goals of this paper are to: 1. Explain my materials development process 2. Explain the pitfalls and solutions that occur during the materials development process 3. Show what materials exist online that can be used for extensive reading and listenin

An Instrumentalist Account of How to Weigh Epistemic and Practical Reasons for Belief

When one has both epistemic and practical reasons for or against some belief, how do these reasons combine into an all-things-considered reason for or against that belief? The question might seem to presuppose the existence of practical reasons for belief. But we can rid the question of this presupposition. Once we do, a highly general ‘Combinatorial Problem’ emerges. The problem has been thought to be intractable due to certain differences in the combinatorial properties of epistemic and practical reasons. Here we bring good news: if we accept an independently motivated version of epistemic instrumentalism—the view that epistemic reasons are a species of instrumental reasons—we can reduce The Combinatorial Problem to the relatively benign problem of how to weigh different instrumental reasons against each other. As an added benefit, the instrumentalist account can explain the apparent intractability of The Combinatorial Problem in terms of a common tendency to think and talk about epistemic reasons in an elliptical manner

Using Journals as Strategies to Enhance Writing Skills in Eighth-Grade Students at Unidad Educativa Salesiana Sánchez y Cifuentes from Ibarra, 2021-2022

Determine journals as strategies for the enhancement of writing skills in eighth-grade students at Unidad Educativa Salesiana Sánchez y Cifuentes from Ibarra, 2021-2022.La presente investigación se realizó en la Unidad Educativa Salesiana Sánchez y Cifuentes en la ciudad de Ibarra, Provincia de Imbabura durante el periodo académico 2021-2022 con la intervención de una maestra de inglés y 70 estudiantes del octavo grado de educación general básica, paralelos "A" y "D". El principal propósito de la investigación fue determinar diarios como estrategias para mejorar la habilidad de la escritura en el idioma extranjero. Por otra parte, la metodología de investigación fue mixta con el fin de obtener datos cuantitativos y cualitativos. Consecuentemente, los estudiantes fueron encuestados para conocer las problemáticas que tienen al desarrollar las actividades escritas, mientras que el docente fue entrevistado para conocer su perspectiva en cuanto a la enseñanza de la habilidad de la escritura y el uso de diarios como estrategias para mejorar dicha habilidad. Los resultados obtenidos mediante los instrumentos evidenciaron que los estudiantes están a menudo expuestos a trabajos escritos, pero tienen dificultades con la habilidad de la escritura debido a la falta de vocabulario, falta de motivación, temas poco relevantes y el desconocimiento de la estructura gramatical. Del mismo modo, la maestra manifestó que la enseñanza de la habilidad requiere mucha dedicación y práctica por lo cual se busca estrategias que motiven a los estudiantes a involucrase en el proceso de manera efectiva. Por consiguiente, la finalidad de esta investigación es contribuir con una guía académica a los docentes. La guía incluye estrategias junto con una serie de actividades que facilitarán el desarrollo de las habilidades de escritura de los estudiantes.Licenciatur

Correspondence Training Program – Course Outline

Correspondence Training Program – Course Outline. Includes attachment: The Art of Letter Writing by Carl V. Cefola, Director of Publicity, Mutual Life Insurance Company. Circa 1962

Analysis of Strategies and Methods for teaching listening to 9th grade, group “A” EFL students at República de Cuba Secondary School during the second semester 2016

This research describes the teaching listening skill at República de Cuba Secondary School, the strategies, methods and styles applied by teachers in this process, considering the sources that the school and MINED provide. The participants were students who studies the 9th grade and have an active participation in the classroom, it was observed during the classroom observations and confirmed in the interviews conducted to their teacher and students and the survey applied to the students. The gathered data were analyzed tables and graph for getting about the teaching listening skill. The finding show the teacher applies: Bottom Up and Top down strategies such as guessing, prediction, summarizing and drawing inferences but in poor development. The methods implemented are Interpersonal Activities and Group of Activities and the style used is a mix of activities like questionnaire, multiple – choice activities and completion activities, it is applied in order to adapt the available source

Blogs, wikis and creative innovation

blogs, internet, innovation