Human and environmental exposure to hydrocarbon pollution in the Niger Delta:A geospatial approach

This study undertook an integrated geospatial assessment of human and environmental exposure to oil pollution in the Niger Delta using primary and secondary spatial data. This thesis begins by presenting a clear rationale for the study of extensive oil pollution in the Niger Delta, followed by a critical literature review of the potential application of geospatial techniques for monitoring and managing the problem. Three analytical chapters report on the methodological developments and applications of geospatial techniques that contribute to achieving the aim of the study. Firstly, a quantitative assessment of human and environmental exposure to oil pollution in the Niger Delta was performed using a government spill database. This was carried out using Spatial Analysis along Networks (SANET), a geostatistical tool, since oil spills in the region tend to follow the linear patterns of the pipelines. Spatial data on pipelines, oil spills, population and land cover data were analysed in order to quantify the extent of human and environmental exposure to oil pollution. The major causes of spills and spatial factors potentially reinforcing reported causes were analysed. Results show extensive general exposure and sabotage as the leading cause of oil pollution in the Niger Delta. Secondly, a method of delineating the river network in the Niger Delta using Sentinel-1 SAR data was developed, as a basis for modelling potential flow of pollutants in the distributary pathways of the network. The cloud penetration capabilities of SAR sensing are particularly valuable for this application since the Niger Delta is notorious for cloud cover. Vector and raster-based river networks derived from Sentinel-1 were compared to alternative river map products including those from the USGS and ESA. This demonstrated the superiority of the Sentinel-1 derived river network, which was subsequently used in a flow routing analysis to demonstrate the potential for understanding oil spill dispersion. Thirdly, the study applied optical remote sensing for indirect detection and mapping of oil spill impacts on vegetation. Multi-temporal Landsat data was used to delineate the spill impact footprint of a notable 2008 oil spill incident in Ogoniland and population exposure was evaluated. The optical data was effective in impact area delineation, demonstrating extensive and long-lasting population exposure to oil pollution. Overall, this study has successfully assembled and produced relevant spatial and attribute data sets and applied integrated geostatistical analytical techniques to understand the distribution and impacts of oil spills in the Niger Delta. The study has revealed the extensive level of human and environmental exposure to hydrocarbon pollution in the Niger Delta and introduced new methods that will be valuable fo

Erosion, vegetation and the evolution of hillslopes in upland landscapes

The geomorphic and geochemical characteristics of landscapes impose a physical template on the establishment and development of ecosystems. Conversely, vegetation is a key geomorphic agent, actively involved both soil production and sediment transport. The evolution of hillslopes and the ecosystems that populate them, are thus intimately coupled; their co-dependence potentially has a profound impact on the way in which landscapes respond to environmental change. This thesis explores how rates of erosion, integrated over millennia, impact on the structural characteristics of the mixed conifer forest that presently mantles this landscape, the development of the underlying soils and emergence of bedrock. The focus for this investigation is the Feather River Region in the northern Sierra Nevada in California, a landscape characterised by a striking geomorphic gradient accompanied by spatial variations in erosion rate spanning over an order of magnitude, from 20 mm ka-1 to over 250 mm ka-1. Using LiDAR data to quantify forest structure, I demonstrate that increasing rates of erosion drive a reduction in canopy height and aboveground biomass. Subsequently, I exploit a novel method to map rock exposure, based on a metric of topographic roughness, to show that as erosion rates increase and soil thickness consequently decreases, the degree of bedrock exposed on hillsides increases. Importantly, this soil-bedrock transition is gradual, with rapidly eroding hillslopes frequently possessing a mosaic of bedrock outcrop and intermittent soil mantle. Both the ecological and geomorphic trends are shown to be impacted by the underlying bedrock, which provides an additional source of heterogeneity in the evolution of the Feather River landscape. The negative correlation between AGB and erosion rate has potential implications for soil production. Using a simple hillslope model I show that if this decrease in AGB is associated with a drop in biotic soil production, then feedbacks between soil thickness and biotic soil production are capable of generating a complex response to geomorphic forcing, such that hillslopes possess multiple stable states: for intermediate rates of erosion, equilibrium hillslopes may be either soil mantled or bedrock. Hillslope evolution in these simulations is path dependent; once exposed at the surface, significant patches of bedrock exposure may persist over a wide range of incision rates

Quantification théorique des effets du paramétrage du système d'acquisition sur les variables descriptives du nuage de points LiDAR

La cartographie de la ressource forestière se concrétise par la réalisation d’inventaires sur de vastes territoires grâce à des méthodes de mesure automatiques ou semi-automatiques à grandes échelles. En particulier, le développement du LiDAR (light detection and ranging) aéroporté a ouvert la voie à de nouvelles perspectives. Bien que le LiDAR aéroporté ait fait ses preuves comme outil d’inventaire et de cartographie, l’étude de la littérature scientifique sur le sujet met en évidence que les méthodes de traitement de l’information ont des limites et ne sont généralement valides que dans une région donnée et avec un système d’acquisition donné. En effet, un changement dans le dispositif d’acquisition entraîne des variations dans la structure du nuage de points acquis, rendant lesmodèles de cartographie de la ressource non généralisables. Dans le but de créer des modèles de cartographie de la ressource qui soient moins dépendants de la région d’étude et du dispositif d’acquisition utilisé pour les construire, il est nécessaire de comprendre d’où viennent ces variations et comment, à défaut de les éviter, les corriger. Nous explorons dans cette thèse comment des variations dans la configuration des systèmes d’acquisition de données peuvent engendrer des variations dans la structure des nuages de points. Ces questions sont traitées grâce à des modèles mathématiques théoriques simples et nous montrons, dans une certaine mesure, qu’il est possible de corriger les données de LiDAR aéroporté pour les normaliser afin de simuler une acquisition homogène réalisée avec un dispositif d’acquisition « standard » unique. Cette thèse aborde l’enjeu de proposer et d’initier, pour le futur, des méthodes de traitement de données reposant sur des standards mieux établis afin que les outils de cartographie de la ressource soient plus polyvalents et plus justes à grandes échellesThe mapping of the forest resource is currently achieved through inventories made across large territories using methods of automatic or semi-automatic measurements at broad scales. Notably, the development of airborne LiDAR (light detection and ranging) has opened the way for new perspectives in this context. Despite its proven suitability as a tool for inventories and mapping, the study of the scientific literature on airborne LiDAR shows that methods for processing the acquired information remain limited, and are usually valid only for a given region of interest and for a given acquisition device. Indeed, modifying the acquisition device generates variation in the structure of the point cloud that often restrict the range of application of resource evaluation models. With the aim of moving towards models for resourcemapping that are less dependent on the characteristics of both the study area and the of acquisition device, it is important to understand the source of such variation and how to correct it. We investigated, how variations in the settings of the data acquisition systems may generate some variation in the structure of the obtained point clouds. These questions were treated using simple theoretical and mathematical models and we showed, to a certain extent, that it is possible to correct the LiDAR data, and thus to normalise measurements to simulate homogeneous acquisitions with a “standard” and unique acquisition device. The challenge pursued in this thesis is to propose and initiate, for the future, data processing methods relying on better established standards in order to build more accurate and more versatile tools for the large-scalemapping of forest resources

From Regional Landslide Detection to Site-Specific Slope Deformation Monitoring and Modelling Based on Active Remote Sensors

Landslide processes can have direct and indirect consequences affecting human lives and activities. In order to improve landslide risk management procedures, this PhD thesis aims to investigate capabilities of active LiDAR and RaDAR sensors for landslides detection and characterization at regional scales, spatial risk assessment over large areas and slope instabilities monitoring and modelling at site-specific scales. At regional scales, we first demonstrated recent boat-based mobile LiDAR capabilities to model topography of the Normand coastal cliffs. By comparing annual acquisitions, we validated as well our approach to detect surface changes and thus map rock collapses, landslides and toe erosions affecting the shoreline at a county scale. Then, we applied a spaceborne InSAR approach to detect large slope instabilities in Argentina. Based on both phase and amplitude RaDAR signals, we extracted decisive information to detect, characterize and monitor two unknown extremely slow landslides, and to quantify water level variations of an involved close dam reservoir. Finally, advanced investigations on fragmental rockfall risk assessment were conducted along roads of the Val de Bagnes, by improving approaches of the Slope Angle Distribution and the FlowR software. Therefore, both rock-mass-failure susceptibilities and relative frequencies of block propagations were assessed and rockfall hazard and risk maps could be established at the valley scale. At slope-specific scales, in the Swiss Alps, we first integrated ground-based InSAR and terrestrial LiDAR acquisitions to map, monitor and model the Perraire rock slope deformation. By interpreting both methods individually and originally integrated as well, we therefore delimited the rockslide borders, computed volumes and highlighted non-uniform translational displacements along a wedge failure surface. Finally, we studied specific requirements and practical issues experimented on early warning systems of some of the most studied landslides worldwide. As a result, we highlighted valuable key recommendations to design new reliable systems; in addition, we also underlined conceptual issues that must be solved to improve current procedures. To sum up, the diversity of experimented situations brought an extensive experience that revealed the potential and limitations of both methods and highlighted as well the necessity of their complementary and integrated uses