10 research outputs found
Digital Preservation and Web Access to the Konkoly Observatory Schmidt Telescope Plate Archive
ACM Computing Classification System (1998): J.2.The digital preservation of the Konkoly Observatory Schmidt
telescope plates, as well as the web access to the plate previews, aim for
the preservation of this scientific heritage and the re-use of the astronomical
photographic plates in time domain astronomy. The photographic plates
used as detectors and information storage at astronomical observations with
the Konkoly Schmidt telescope had been obtained in the period 1962â1996.
The work on the digital plate preservation and web access started in 2001
with creation of an electronic plate catalogue and the digitization of selected
representative plates as well as with interlinking of the publishing in Konkoly
Observatory Information Bulletin on Variable Stars (IBVS) with the Wide-Field Plate Database (WFPDB) developing in Sofia. We describe the process
of the digitization of the Konkoly Schmidt telescope plates.This work is supported by the bilateral project between the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and partially by the grants BG NSF DO-02-273 and
BG NSF DO-02-275
Digital Preservation and Web Access to the Konkoly Observatory Schmidt Telescope Plate Archive
ACM Computing Classification System (1998): J.2.The digital preservation of the Konkoly Observatory Schmidt
telescope plates, as well as the web access to the plate previews, aim for
the preservation of this scientific heritage and the re-use of the astronomical
photographic plates in time domain astronomy. The photographic plates
used as detectors and information storage at astronomical observations with
the Konkoly Schmidt telescope had been obtained in the period 1962â1996.
The work on the digital plate preservation and web access started in 2001
with creation of an electronic plate catalogue and the digitization of selected
representative plates as well as with interlinking of the publishing in Konkoly
Observatory Information Bulletin on Variable Stars (IBVS) with the Wide-Field Plate Database (WFPDB) developing in Sofia. We describe the process
of the digitization of the Konkoly Schmidt telescope plates.This work is supported by the bilateral project between the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and partially by the grants BG NSF DO-02-273 and
BG NSF DO-02-275
Astroinformatics
As President of Commission on Astroinformatics and Astrostatistics of the International
Astronomical Union, I welcome you to the first IAU Symposium on astroinformatics.
This is not the first meeting in the field: the 26th meeting on ADASS (Astronomical
Data Analysis Software and Systems) was held last weak in Trieste (and members of
that group are here today), and this symposium has a strong heritage in workshops
held in recent years at Caltech, Seattle, and Sydney. But this is the first time that the
broader community of astronomers, through the IAU in collaboration of the giant IEEE
organization has recognized this new field of study devoted to the challenges of Big
Data and advanced methodology in astronomical research. This is the first time experts
from around the world have gathered to share experiences and plan for the future. I
have a comment to make. The typical IAU Symposium treats some well-established field
of stars or galaxies or cosmology where the leading groups know each other well. But
astroinformatics is such a young field, that we do not know each other and we do not
know what ideas will emerge from this meeting. So I encourage each of us to have a
creative approach to this meeting, work hard to talk to strangers, and help generate a
community of scholars who can lead this field into the future
The most metal-poor galaxies
Metallicity is a key parameter that controls many aspects in the formation
and evolution of stars and galaxies. In this review we focus on the metal
deficient galaxies, in particular the most metal-poor ones, because they play a
crucial role in the cosmic scenery. We first set the stage by discussing the
difficult problem of defining a global metallicity and how this quantity can be
measured for a given galaxy. The mechanisms that control the metallicity in a
galaxy are reviewed in detail and involve many aspects of modern astrophysics:
galaxy formation and evolution, massive star formation, stellar winds, chemical
yields, outflows and inflows etc. Because metallicity roughly scales as the
galactic mass, it is among the dwarfs that the most metal-poor galaxies are
found. The core of our paper reviews the considerable progress made in our
understanding of the properties and the physical processes that are at work in
these objects. The question on how they are related and may evolve from one
class of objects to another is discussed. While discussing metal-poor galaxies
in general, we present a more detailed discussion of a few very metal-poor blue
compact dwarf galaxies like IZw18. Although most of what is known relates to
our local universe, we show that it pertains to our quest for primeval galaxies
and is connected to the question of the origin of structure in the universe. We
discuss what QSO absorption lines and known distant galaxies tell us already?
We illustrate the importance of star-forming metal-poor galaxies for the
determination of the primordial helium abundance, their use as distance
indicator and discuss the possibility to detect nearly metal-free galaxies at
high redshift from Ly emission.Comment: 96 pages, 12 figures. To appear in the A&A Review. Version including
proof correction
Radial velocities of faint galaxies from objective prism spectra
Since Hubble's discovery of the correlation between
galaxy radial velocity and distance, velocities of galaxies have
been obtained using slit spectra to establish the value of the Hubble
constant. More recently, with the acceptance of a general Hubble
flow, velocities have also been used to examine the distribution of
galaxies in space. Velocities within clusters of galaxies have also
been used to establish cluster velocity dispersions, and hence uirial
masses. Large numbers of galaxy velocities obtained over a small
area of sky to a faint limiting magnitude would help to construct a clearer picture of the medium scale (supercluster-sized) structure
of the Universe.In this thesis the basis for a method of obtaining radial
velocities of faint galaxies from their objective prism spectra is
described. Measurement techniques, both manual and computer -based,
using digitised data from several measuring machines, are discussed.
The parameters able to affect the velocity measurement are examined,
and checks are made to compare velocities obtained from objective
prism spectra with velocities of the same objects obtained from slit
spectra. The method is shown to be easily applied to measurements of
individual known galaxies, but quite difficult to apply to large numbers
of objects using computer techniques. In particular the signal to
noise ratio in galaxy spectra has a very important effect on automated
velocity measurements.elocity measurements.
The application of the method to clusters of galaxies is demonstrated,
and preliminary results presented for several Abell clusters.
The application of the method to the general field is discussed, and
the problems encountered with this application described. It is
concluded that the technique described has great potential for both
the study of clusters of galaxies, and if certain measurement problems
can be overcome, for the study of the distribution of galaxies in large
volumes of space
Full-disc Ca II K observations -- a window to past solar magnetism
First such observations were made in 1892 and since then various sites around
the world have carried out regular observations, with Kodaikanal, Meudon, Mt
Wilson, and Coimbra being some of the most prominent ones. By now, Ca II K
observations from over 40 different sites allow an almost complete daily
coverage of the last century. Ca II K images provide direct information on
plage and network regions on the Sun and, through their connection to solar
surface magnetic field, offer an excellent opportunity to study solar magnetism
over more than a century. This makes them also extremely important, among
others, for solar irradiance reconstructions and studies of the solar influence
on Earth's climate. However, these data also suffer from numerous issues, which
for a long time have hampered their analysis. Without properly addressing these
issues, Ca II K data cannot be used to their full potential. Here, we first
provide an overview of the currently known Ca II K data archives and sources of
the inhomogeneities in the data, before discussing existing processing
techniques, followed by a recap of the main results derived with such data so
far
Das Digitale "GedÀchtnis der Menschheit" : eine Untersuchung dokumentarischer Praktiken im Zeitalter der digitalen Technologie
This research is a study of the UNESCO âMemory of the Worldâ Programme established with the purpose to increase awareness of the existence and relevance of documentary heritage, and to achieve its universal and permanent accessibility. In this context, digital technology is increasingly used to provide access to documentary heritage but this activity also leads to a series of changes in how documents are understood and handled. Starting from the observation that the conceptual and practical changes triggered by digital technology in the âMemory of the Worldâ do not seem to accurately reflect its stated philosophy, this research pursues the aim to critically analyze the possibilities and limits it offers. This analysis is facilitated by a conceptual framework anchored in the medium theory of Harold Innis and his concepts of medium, bias, space and time, and balance, which serve as analytical lenses to closely study selected aspects of digital technology and their influence. Despite popular beliefs that digital technology is most suitable for universal access, the findings of this present research lead to the observation that this cannot really be the case, and it reveals that an over-emphasis on the technical possibilities of digital access is not supportive of the overall purpose of the âMemory of the Worldâ, leading to the narrowing down of its potential relevance. At first glance, this may suggest not recommending at all the use of digital technology. However, acknowledging that each medium has both limits and possibilities, instead of rejecting digital technology the study searches for solutions that may assist with integrating it in the âMemory of the Worldâ in accordance with its overall purpose and philosophy. To this end, three recommendations are elaborated, the same conceptual framework that revealed the limits of digital technology being applied to construct on their possibilities. In order to motivate why following the recommendations of this analysis would be necessary, the study concludes by shifting attention from the relevance of digital technology in the âMemory of the Worldâ Programme to the relevance of the Programme in a world changed by digital technology.Diese Forschung befasst sich mit dem UNESCO-Programm âMemory of the Worldâ, das eingefĂŒhrt wurde, um Achtsamkeit ĂŒber die Existenz und Bedeutung von Dokumentenerbe zu schaffen, und um ihre universale und permanente ZugĂ€nglichkeit zu erreichen. In diesem Zusammenhang benutzt man zunehmend die digitale Technologie, um Zugang zu Dokumentenerbe zu ermöglichen, aber dies fĂŒhrt auch zu einer Reihe von VerĂ€nderungen wie Dokumente verstanden und behandelt werden. Angefangen von der Beobachtung, dass die konzeptionellen und praktischen VerĂ€nderungen, die durch die digitale Technologie im Memory of the World Programm ausgelöst werden, scheinbar nicht genau die festgelegte Philosophie reflektieren, verfolgt diese Forschung den Zweck, deren Möglichkeiten und Grenzen kritisch zu analysieren. Diese Analyse wird von einem konzeptionellen Rahmen gestĂŒtzt, welcher in der Medium Theorie von Harold Innis und seinen Konzepten ĂŒber das Medium, Bias, Space and Time, und Balance verankert ist. Diese Theorie dient als analytisches Objektiv, um ausgesuchte Aspekte der digitalen Technologie und ihren Einfluss nĂ€her zu untersuchen. Entgegen der allgemeinen Meinung, dass die digitale Technologie am besten geeignet ist fĂŒr den universellen Zugang, fĂŒhren die Resultate dieser aktuellen Forschung zu der Beobachtung, dass dieses nicht wirklich der Fall sein kann, und sie beweisen, das eine Ăberbewertung der technischen Möglichkeiten des digitalen Zugangs nicht hilfreich fĂŒr die allumfassenden Absichten des Memory of the World Programms sind, und zu einer EinschrĂ€nkung seiner potenziellen Bedeutung fĂŒhrt. Auf den ersten Blick könnte dieses heiĂen, den Gebrauch der digitalen Technologie ĂŒberhaupt nicht zu empfehlen. Allerdings anerkennend, dass jedes Medium sowohl Grenzen wie auch Möglichkeiten hat, lehnt diese Forschung die digitale Technologie nicht ab, sondern sucht nach Lösungen die helfen könnten, diese in das Memory of the World Programm zu integrieren, und zwar im Einklang mit den allumfassenden Absichten und ihrer Philosophie. Um zu motivieren warum es notwendig wĂ€re den Empfehlungen dieser Analyse zu folgen, beendet diese Forschung ihre Schlussfolgerung durch das Verlagern der Aufmerksamkeit von der Bedeutung der digitalen Technologie im Memory of the World Programm, zu der Bedeutung des Programms in einer durch digitale Technologie verĂ€nderten Welt
Multi-object astronomical spectroscopy with optial fibres
A full account is given of the relatively new astronomical technique of multi- object spectroscopy with optical fibre lightguides. The thesis begins with a survey of the number densities of a wide range of astronomi- cal object classes, and, after comparing the merits of the various techniques for multi- object spectroscopy, shows (by defining the "effective aperture" of a multiple fibre - coupled telescope) that the multi -fibre tech- nique is very well- suited to the real distribution of celestial objects.A review of the properties of optical fibres is given, together with an exposition of the important considerations in the design of fibre feeds for astronomy. This is followed by a description of the requirements in the design of telescopes, spectrographs and detectors to render them suitable for the multi -fibre technique. Equations are derived for the performance of these systems in terms of signal -to -noise ratio, and an example is given.A survey of the equipment that has been built for multi -fibre spectroscopy at observatories throughout the world is presented, and special attention is paid to the FOCAP fibre system at the 3.9 -metre Anglo- Australian tele- scope. The thesis gives an example of the use of FOCAP in work carried out by the writer to investigate the kinematics of RR Lyrae variables in the nuclear bulge of the Galaxy. Evidence is found in the preliminary results for the existence of non -circular motions along the galactic centre line -of- sight.A description is then given of the FLAIR wide -field fibre -coupled multi- object spectroscopy system built by the writer for the 1.2 -metre UK Schmidt Telescope. Reports are presented on a series of observational pro- grammes designed to test the system, including the classification of stars in the Chamaeleon dark cloud, spectroscopy of Orion cluster flare stars, spectroscopy of objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud, the measurement of galaxy redshifts, and the observation of quasar candidates. An experiment in time -resolved multi- object photometry is also described. It is shown that for spectroscopy, the prototype system will perform well on stellar targets to V "16 -17, but, although galaxy redshifts have been obtained, its usefulness for the systematic measurement of redshifts is hampered by its low sensitivity in the blue region of the spectrum. An account is then given of the relatively simple steps needed to rectify this, together with a brief description of a proposed, fully- optimised FLAIR system.Finally, the future prospects for multi -fibre astronomical spectroscopy are briefly reviewed, from the point of view of the new instrumentation becoming available, and the astronomical results that will be produced
Nebular metallicities in isolated dwarf irregular galaxies
The motive for this work was to investigate whether small, isolated gas-rich galaxies show
evidence of chemical evolution, by studying their nebular metallicities. I have identified
a sample of 83 objects chosen for low luminosity and mass, the presence of active star
formation, and isolation from other galaxies and galaxy clusters that might generate tidal
effects or enrich the intergalactic medium. From these I have measured the spectra of 35
objects, using theWiFeS IFU spectrograph on the ANU 2.3m telescope at Siding Spring.
In analysing spectra extracted from the WiFeS data cubes, I found that standard âstrong
lineâ methods using emission line ratios to measure atomic abundances, gave either erratic
or no results. I found that for those galaxies showing the [O iii] 4363Ă
auroral line, the
metallicities determined using the standard âelectron temperatureâ methodwere inconsistent
with previous published work. This led me to investigate the conventional assumption that
electrons in Hii regions are in thermal equilibrium. I show that the non-equilibrium â â
electron energy distribution, found almost universally in solar system plasmas, can explain
the long recognised âabundance discrepancyâ between recombination line and collisional line
abundance calculations in nebular metallicity measurements. This has added an important
new dimension to the analysis of nebular spectra.
Using the extensively revised Mappings photoionisation modelling code and new atomic
data to analyse the spectra of two exceptionally isolated dwarf galaxies, I find that they
exhibit metallicities similar to galaxies in more crowded environments, and appear to have
evolved quite normally, through periodic star formation and subsequent enrichment of
their interstellar media.
I present a new approach for calculating total oxygen abundance using electron temperatures
that appears to give more consistent results than earlier methods. I apply this to my
measured spectra, together with the revised Mappings photoionisation modelling code, to
explore the physical parameters affecting the measurement of nebular metallicities. In particular,
I find strong evidence for several of the observed nebulae beingâin partâoptically
thin. I use the models to show that nebular optical depth affects measured abundances and
temperatures, and that electron densities also have an important role. I develop models that
give a very good match to the observations.
I conclude that the measurement of abundances and temperatures in Hii regions is a more
complex question than had generally been assumed, and important physical parameters
affecting the measurement processes have in the past not been taken fully into account