285 research outputs found
Characterization of Mechanical Properties at the Micro/Nano Scale: Stiction Failure of MEMS, High-Frequency Michelson Interferometry and Carbon NanoFibers
Different forces scale differently with decreasing length scales. Van der Waals and surface tension are generally ignored at the macro scale, but can become dominant at the micro and nano scales. This fact, combined with the considerable compliance and large surface areas of micro and nano devices, can leads to adhesion in MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) and NanoElectroMechanical Systems (NEMS) - a.k.a. stiction-failure. The adhesive forces between MEMS devices leading to stiction failure are characterized in this dissertation analytically and experimentally. Specifically, the adhesion energy of poly-Si μcantilevers are determined experimentally through Mode II and mixed Mode I&II crack propagation experiments. Furthermore, the description of a high-frequency Michelson Interferometer is discussed for imaging of crack propagation of the μcantilevers with their substrate at the nano-scale and harmonic imaging of MEMS/NEMS. Van der Waals forces are also responsible for the adhesion in nonwoven carbon nanofiber networks. Experimental and modeling results are presented for the mechanical and electrical properties of nonwoven (random entanglements) of carbon nanofibers under relatively low and high-loads, both in tensions and compression. It was also observed that the structural integrity of these networks is controlled by mechanical entanglement and flexural rigidity of individual fibers as well as Hertzian forces at the fiber/fiber interface
Phase-stabilized Ultrashort Laser Systems for Spectroscopy
The investigation of laser-matter interactions calls for ever shorter pulses as new
effects can thus be explored. With laser pulses consisting of only a few cycles of the
electric field, the phase of these electric field oscillations becomes important for many
applications.
In this thesis ultrafast laser sources are presented that provide few-cycle laser pulses
with controlled evolution of the electric field waveform. Firstly, a technique for phasestabilizing
ultra-broadband oscillators is discussed. With a simple setup it improves the
reproducibility of the phase by an order of magnitude compared to previously existing
methods.
In a further step, such a phase-stabilized oscillator was integrated into a chirped-pulse
amplifier. The preservation of phase-stability during amplification is ensured by
secondary phase detection. The phase-stabilized intense laser pulses from this system
were employed in a series of experiments that studied strong-field phenomena in a
time-resolved manner. For instance, the laser-induced tunneling of electrons from
atoms was studied on a sub-femtosecond timescale.
Additional evidence for the reproducibility of the electric field waveform of the laser
pulses is presented here: individual signatures of the electric field half-cycles were
found in photoelectron spectra from above-threshold ionization.
Frequency conversion of intense laser pulses by high-order harmonic generation is a
common way of producing coherent light in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectral
region. Many attempts have been made to increase the low efficiency of this nonlinear
process, e.g. by quasi phase-matching. Here, high-harmonic generation from solid
surfaces under grazing incidence instead from a gas target is studied as higher
efficiencies are expected in this configuration.
Another approach to increasing the efficiency of high-harmonic generation is the
placing of the gas target in an enhancement resonator. Additionally, the production of
XUV photons happens at the full repetition rate of the seeding laser, i.e. in the region
of several tens to hundreds of megahertz. This high repetition rate enables the use of
the XUV light for high-precision optical frequency metrology with the frequency comb
technique. With such an arrangement, harmonics up to 15th order were produced. A
build-up cavity that stacks femtosecond laser pulses in a coherent manner to produce
intra-cavity pulse energies of more than ten microjoules at a repetition rate of ten
megahertz is presented here.
With this high average power measuring hitherto uninvestigated optical transition
frequencies in the XUV, such as the 1S-2S transition in singly charged helium ions
may become a reality
Optical Fiber Interferometric Sensors
The contributions presented in this book series portray the advances of the research in the field of interferometric photonic technology and its novel applications. The wide scope explored by the range of different contributions intends to provide a synopsis of the current research trends and the state of the art in this field, covering recent technological improvements, new production methodologies and emerging applications, for researchers coming from different fields of science and industry. The manuscripts published in the Special issue, and re-printed in this book series, report on topics that range from interferometric sensors for thickness and dynamic displacement measurement, up to pulse wave and spirometry applications
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