27,323 research outputs found
Methodological Interactionism: Theory and Application to the Firm and to the Building of Trust
Recent insights from the âembodied cognitionâ perspective in cognitive science, supported by neural research, provide a basis for a âmethodological interactionismâ that transcends both the methodological individualism of economics and the methodological collectivism of (some) sociology, and is consistent with insights from social psychology. It connects with a Mengerian exchange perspective and Hayekian view of dispersed knowledge from Austrian economics. It provides a basis for a new, unified social science that integrates elements from economics, sociology, social psychology and cognitive science. This paper discusses the roots of this perspective, in theory of cognition and meaning, and illustrates its application in a summary of a social-cognitive theory of the firm and an analysis of processes by which trust is built up and broken down.methodology;philosophy of economics;theory of the firm;trust
Troping the Enemy: Metaphor, Culture, and the Big Data Black Boxes of National Security
This article considers how cultural understanding is being brought into the work of the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), through an analysis of its Metaphor program. It examines the type of social science underwriting this program, unpacks implications of the agencyâs conception of metaphor for understanding so-called cultures of interest, and compares IARPAâs to competing accounts of how metaphor works to create cultural meaning. The article highlights some risks posed by key deficits in the Intelligence Community\u27s (IC) approach to culture, which relies on the cognitive linguistic theories of George Lakoff and colleagues. It also explores the problem of the opacity of these risks for analysts, even as such predictive cultural analytics are becoming a part of intelligence forecasting. This article examines the problem of information secrecy in two ways, by unpacking the opacity of âblack box,â algorithm-based social science of culture for end users with little appreciation of their potential biases, and by evaluating the IC\u27s nontransparent approach to foreign cultures, as it underwrites national security assessments
Metaphor Identification in Large Texts Corpora
Identifying metaphorical language-use (e.g., sweet child) is one of the challenges facing natural language processing. This paper describes three novel algorithms for automatic metaphor identification. The algorithms are variations of the same core algorithm. We evaluate the algorithms on two corpora of Reuters and the New York Times articles. The paper presents the most comprehensive study of metaphor identification in terms of scope of metaphorical phrases and annotated corpora size. Algorithmsâ performance in identifying linguistic phrases as metaphorical or literal has been compared to human judgment. Overall, the algorithms outperform the state-of-the-art algorithm with 71% precision and 27% averaged improvement in prediction over the base-rate of metaphors in the corpus.United States. Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA)United States. Dept. of Defense (U.S. Army Research Laboratory Contract W911NF-12-C-0021
Metaphoric Paraphrase Generation
This work describes the task of metaphoric paraphrase generation, in which we
are given a literal sentence and are charged with generating a metaphoric
paraphrase. We propose two different models for this task: a lexical
replacement baseline and a novel sequence to sequence model, 'metaphor
masking', that generates free metaphoric paraphrases. We use crowdsourcing to
evaluate our results, as well as developing an automatic metric for evaluating
metaphoric paraphrases. We show that while the lexical replacement baseline is
capable of producing accurate paraphrases, they often lack metaphoricity, while
our metaphor masking model excels in generating metaphoric sentences while
performing nearly as well with regard to fluency and paraphrase quality.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure
Being-in-the-world-with: Presence Meets Social And Cognitive Neuroscience
In this chapter we will discuss the concepts of âpresenceâ (Inner Presence) and âsocial presenceâ (Co-presence) within a cognitive and ecological perspective. Specifically, we claim that the concepts of âpresenceâ and âsocial presenceâ are the possible links between self, action, communication and culture. In the first section we will provide a capsule view of Heideggerâs work by examining the two main features of the Heideggerian concept of âbeingâ: spatiality and âbeing withâ. We argue that different visions from social and cognitive sciences â Situated Cognition, Embodied Cognition, Enactive Approach, Situated Simulation, Covert Imitation - and discoveries from neuroscience â Mirror and Canonical Neurons - have many contact points with this view. In particular, these data suggest that our conceptual system dynamically produces contextualized representations (simulations) that support grounded action in different situations. This is allowed by a common coding â the motor code â shared by perception, action and concepts. This common coding also allows the subject for natively recognizing actions done by other selves within the phenomenological contents. In this picture we argue that the role of presence and social presence is to allow the process of self-identification through the separation between âselfâ and âother,â and between âinternalâ and âexternalâ. Finally, implications of this position for communication and media studies are discussed by way of conclusion
Multimodal Grounding for Language Processing
This survey discusses how recent developments in multimodal processing
facilitate conceptual grounding of language. We categorize the information flow
in multimodal processing with respect to cognitive models of human information
processing and analyze different methods for combining multimodal
representations. Based on this methodological inventory, we discuss the benefit
of multimodal grounding for a variety of language processing tasks and the
challenges that arise. We particularly focus on multimodal grounding of verbs
which play a crucial role for the compositional power of language.Comment: The paper has been published in the Proceedings of the 27 Conference
of Computational Linguistics. Please refer to this version for citations:
https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/papers/C/C18/C18-1197
Survey of the State of the Art in Natural Language Generation: Core tasks, applications and evaluation
This paper surveys the current state of the art in Natural Language
Generation (NLG), defined as the task of generating text or speech from
non-linguistic input. A survey of NLG is timely in view of the changes that the
field has undergone over the past decade or so, especially in relation to new
(usually data-driven) methods, as well as new applications of NLG technology.
This survey therefore aims to (a) give an up-to-date synthesis of research on
the core tasks in NLG and the architectures adopted in which such tasks are
organised; (b) highlight a number of relatively recent research topics that
have arisen partly as a result of growing synergies between NLG and other areas
of artificial intelligence; (c) draw attention to the challenges in NLG
evaluation, relating them to similar challenges faced in other areas of Natural
Language Processing, with an emphasis on different evaluation methods and the
relationships between them.Comment: Published in Journal of AI Research (JAIR), volume 61, pp 75-170. 118
pages, 8 figures, 1 tabl
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