Detection, Emission Estimation and Risk Prediction of Forest Fires in China Using Satellite Sensors and Simulation Models in the Past Three Decades—An Overview

Forest fires have major impact on ecosystems and greatly impact the amount of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere. This paper presents an overview in the forest fire detection, emission estimation, and fire risk prediction in China using satellite imagery, climate data, and various simulation models over the past three decades. Since the 1980s, remotely-sensed data acquired by many satellites, such as NOAA/AVHRR, FY-series, MODIS, CBERS, and ENVISAT, have been widely utilized for detecting forest fire hot spots and burned areas in China. Some developed algorithms have been utilized for detecting the forest fire hot spots at a sub-pixel level. With respect to modeling the forest burning emission, a remote sensing data-driven Net Primary productivity (NPP) estimation model was developed for estimating forest biomass and fuel. In order to improve the forest fire risk modeling in China, real-time meteorological data, such as surface temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, have been used as the model input for improving prediction of forest fire occurrence and its behavior. Shortwave infrared (SWIR) and near infrared (NIR) channels of satellite sensors have been employed for detecting live fuel moisture content (FMC), and the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) was used for evaluating the forest vegetation condition and its moisture status

FLIGHT DYNAMICS OPERATIONS OF INPES SATELLITE CONTROL CENTER

Apresenta-se uma visão geral das atividades de Dinâmica de Vôo para monitoramento e controle de satélites do INPE. Inicialmente, descreve-se o Centro de Rastreio e Controle de Satélites com ênfase no sistema de Dinâmica de Vôo. Em seguida descreve-se o envolvimento em atividades de operação de satélites com o lançamento dos satélites SCD1, SCD2, e CBERS1. Por fim, comenta-se e apresenta-se os futuros satélites, e suas principais características, a serem desenvolvidos pelo INPE, individualmente ou em cooperação com outras agências espaciais. Abstract An overview on the flight dynamics activities of satellite tracking and in-orbit control of INPE (National Institute of Space Research) is presented. First of all, a brief description of the INPE's Satellite Tracking and Control Center is presented with emphasis on the Flight Dynamics System. Next, the involvement in the satellite operation activities through the launching of satellites SCD1, SCD2, and CBERS1 is described. Finally, future satellites planned to be developed by INPE, alone or in cooperation with other space agencies, and their main characteristics are presented and commented

Multi-feature combined cloud and cloud shadow detection in GaoFen-1 wide field of view imagery

The wide field of view (WFV) imaging system onboard the Chinese GaoFen-1 (GF-1) optical satellite has a 16-m resolution and four-day revisit cycle for large-scale Earth observation. The advantages of the high temporal-spatial resolution and the wide field of view make the GF-1 WFV imagery very popular. However, cloud cover is an inevitable problem in GF-1 WFV imagery, which influences its precise application. Accurate cloud and cloud shadow detection in GF-1 WFV imagery is quite difficult due to the fact that there are only three visible bands and one near-infrared band. In this paper, an automatic multi-feature combined (MFC) method is proposed for cloud and cloud shadow detection in GF-1 WFV imagery. The MFC algorithm first implements threshold segmentation based on the spectral features and mask refinement based on guided filtering to generate a preliminary cloud mask. The geometric features are then used in combination with the texture features to improve the cloud detection results and produce the final cloud mask. Finally, the cloud shadow mask can be acquired by means of the cloud and shadow matching and follow-up correction process. The method was validated using 108 globally distributed scenes. The results indicate that MFC performs well under most conditions, and the average overall accuracy of MFC cloud detection is as high as 96.8%. In the contrastive analysis with the official provided cloud fractions, MFC shows a significant improvement in cloud fraction estimation, and achieves a high accuracy for the cloud and cloud shadow detection in the GF-1 WFV imagery with fewer spectral bands. The proposed method could be used as a preprocessing step in the future to monitor land-cover change, and it could also be easily extended to other optical satellite imagery which has a similar spectral setting.Comment: This manuscript has been accepted for publication in Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 191, pp.342-358, 2017. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003442571730038X

Modulation Transfer Function Compensation Through A Modified Wiener Filter For Spatial Image Quality Improvement.

Kebergunaan data imej yang diperolehi dari suatu sensor pengimejan amat bergantung kepada keupayaan sensor tersebut untuk meresolusikan perincian spatial ke satu tahap yang boleh diterima. The usefulness of image data acquired from an imaging sensor critically depends on the ability of the sensor to resolve spatial details to an acceptable level

Fototriangulação de imagens PRISM-ALOS com estimativa dos POI em órbita utilizando os modelos de plataforma UCL e J2

Orientadores : Prof. Dr. Edson Aparecido Mitishita e Prof. Dr. Luiz Danilo Damasceno FerreiraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Terra, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Geodésicas. Defesa: Curitiba, 16/12/2015Inclui referências : f. 162-170Resumo: No contexto dos modelos rigorosos para orientação de imagens orbitais, para que o completo potencial geométrico das mesmas seja explorado, duas questões surgem. A primeira está relacionada aos conhecimentos mais exatos possíveis dosparâmetros de orientação exterior (POE) e dos parâmetros de orientação interior (POI). Os valores dos POI são normalmente estimados por calibração em laboratório, antes do lançamento do satélite. Porém, as acelerações e mudanças ambientais drásticas impostas durante o lançamento do satélite, bem como a influência termal do sol quando o mesmo encontra-se em órbitapodem causar alterações nos valores nominais dos POI. Desta forma, a estimativa dos POI em órbita ao mesmo tempo em que ocorre a orientação das imagens é recomendável. A segunda questão diz respeito ao modelo de plataforma a ser utilizado na modelagem rigorosa, uma vez que as posições do satélite durante o imageamento devem ser estimadas com o máximo de exatidão. Nesta pesquisa propõe-se o uso do modelo de plataforma UCL e deste modelo adicionado da perturbação orbital proveniente da atração gravitacional da Terra, devido ao seu achatamento polar, denominado de modelo J2. Ambos os modelos foram adaptados ao uso de coordenadas referenciadas a um Sistema de Referência Terrestre. Foram avaliadas fototriangulações das imagens de três tripletos PRISM-ALOS,com e sem estimativa dos POI em órbita, utilizando os dois modelos de plataforma mencionados.A partir dos resultados verificou-se que o uso do modelo de plataforma J2 não proporcionou diferenças significativas nas exatidões, em relação ao uso do modelo UCL. Verificou-se também que a estimativa dos POI em órbita nas fototriangulações proporcionou melhorias significativas de exatidão nas componentes altimétricas. Nas exatidões planimétricas resultantes, a estimativa dos POI em órbita propiciou melhoras na ordem do decímetro. Com o objetivo de analisar a usabilidade dos POI estimados na orientação de outras imagens não participantes do processo de estimativa, os POI estimados com o primeiro tripleto foram utilizados para a orientação interior nas fototriangulações das imagens do terceiro tripleto. Como resultado verificou-se uma piora na componente planimétrica e uma ligeira melhora na componente altimétrica em relação à fototriangulação do terceiro tripleto com a estimativa dos POI em órbitaAbstract: In the context of rigorous models for satellite images orientation, two questions arise for the full explorationof the geometric potential. The first question relates to the most accurate possible knowledge of the exterior orientation parameters (EOP) and the interior orientation parameters (IOP). The IOP values are usually estimated by calibration in the laboratory, before the launch of the satellite. However, accelerations and drastic environmental changes imposed during the launch of the satellite, as well as the thermal influence of the sun when it is in orbit can cause changes in nominal IOP values. Thus, the images orientation with the on orbit estimate of IOP is recommended. The second question concerns the platform model to be used in rigorous modeling, since the satellite positions during the imaging should be estimated with maximum accuracy. This research proposes the use of the UCL platform model and of the UCL platform model added of the orbital perturbation from the Earth's gravitational attraction, due to its polar flattening. This platform model was called J2 model. Both models have been adapted to using coordinates referenced to the Terrestrial Reference System. Bundle block adjustments of three PRISM-ALOS images triplets with and without on orbit IOP estimation using the two mentioned platform models were evaluated. From the results it was found that the use of J2 platform model provided no significant differences in accuracies in relation to the use of UCL model. It was also found that the on orbit estimate of IOP in the bundle block adjustments provided significant improvements of accuracy for the altimetric components. In the planimetrics resulting accuracies, on orbit estimate of IOP provided improvement in the order of decimeter. In order to analyze the usability of the estimated IOP on the orientation of other images are not participants in the estimation process, the estimated IOP with the first triplet were used to the interior orientation in the bundle adjustment of the third triplet images.As a result it was observed a decrease of accuracy in planimetric component and a slight improvement inaltimetric componentrelative to the bundle adjustment of the third triplet images with on orbit IOP estimation

Data Acquisition Applications

Data acquisition systems have numerous applications. This book has a total of 13 chapters and is divided into three sections: Industrial applications, Medical applications and Scientific experiments. The chapters are written by experts from around the world, while the targeted audience for this book includes professionals who are designers or researchers in the field of data acquisition systems. Faculty members and graduate students could also benefit from the book