Cognitive Information Processing

Contains reports on four research projects.Associated Press (Grant)Providence Gravure, Inc. (Grant

Cognitive Information Processing

Contains reports on five research projects.Associated Press (Grant)Taylor Publishing Company (Grant)Providence Gravure, Inc. (Grant

Cognitive Information Processing

Contains reports on four research projects.Providence Gravure, Inc. (Grant)International Business Machines Corporation (Grant

Cognitive Information Processing

Contains goals, background, research activities on one research project and reports on three research projects.Center for Advanced Television StudiesAmerican Broadcasting CompanyAmpex CorporationColumbia Broadcasting SystemsHarris CorporationHome Box OfficePublic Broadcasting ServiceNational Broadcasting CompanyRCA CorporationTektronix3M CompanyProvidence Gravure Co. (Grant)International Business Machines, Inc

What is print? A Characterization of the printing industry in the United States

Print touches our lives constantly in the form of product packaging, books, newspapers, magazines, mail, or any of the wide variety of printed items we use every day. We consume it without even thinking about it. To treat printing as a stand-alone product, service, or process is impossible. It is a manufacturing industry in the strictest sense, but it is also a service industry. There are a number of other industries and services intertwined with printing, such as paper manufacturing, ink manufacturing, equipment manufacturing, print finishing, graphic design, marketing, distribution, mailing, and fulfillment services. This report will briefly touch on these ancillary industries as needed, but is not an exhaustive discussion of the relationships (be they financial, historical, or physical) between all of these and the printing industry. Instead, this report is intended to be an introduction to printing and its many facets. References, an appendix on the history of the industry, and a suggested reading list have been provided for further study

The influence of printing, lamination and high pressure processing on spot color characterisation

The food industry has recognized the important role that multi-layered, flexible packaging materials play and it uses them extensively within the packaging processes. Trends within food processing and packaging continuously encourage manufacturers to develop new technologies which extend a product’s shelf-life. The samples that were the subject of research described in this paper are retort stand-up pouches made of multi-layered flexible material, the layers of which have been bonded with a laminating process that aims to both extend a product’s shelf-life and stability, permitting the final processing of the finished product under aggressive regimes. It is intended that packaging, when subjected to graphic reproduction and high pressure processing, shall remain unchanged in all aspects, in particular the visual aspect that is the subject of the research. The samples were printed on polyester film (PET) using a rotogravure printing technique and laminated on aluminum (Al), oriented polyamide (OPA) and finally on inner polypropylene (PP) layers. The sample was monitored for the Vegeta Blue spot colorimetric difference in the CIE L*a*b* space throughout the individual graphic reproduction phases and the final high pressure processing (HPP) of the finished product. The goal is to determine the size of the spot color colorimetric difference (ΔE*) in relation to the defined formula and the established standard. On the basis of measured results, guidelines and recommendations for the correction and quality assessment of spot color reproduction throughout the entire process were defined, with the goal to minimize any deviation to the lowest possible level

DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A MACHINE-COATABLE CHITOSAN COATING APPLIED TO A FLEXIBLE PACKAGING SEALANT

Chitosan is a naturally derived material that has anti-microbial properties. Studies have shown that chitosan is effective when it is in contact with the surface of the product upon which the antimicrobial effect is desired. This suggests that chitosan should be on the inside surface of the package. In this work, a machine coatable chitosan coating was developed for application to the sealable (LDPE) side of a PET/LDPE lamination. The viscosities and percent solids of the coating were evaluated over 12 days. The coating was tested using manual drawdowns (Mayer rods) and also on a gravure coating line. Adhesion properties and sealability were tested. Chitosan was dissolved in an acetic acid / water mixture. Wettability against treated LDPE was not achieved with this blend, so ethanol was added. Good gravure coating qualities were noted with solutions that had 5 % chitosan dissolved in a water with 8 % acetic acid and 30-35 % ethanol. Viscosity of the chitosan coatings were initially high and decreased over time. Most of the change occured over the first 4 days, then incremental changes were noted. Viscosity was also found to be dependent on the relative quantities of chitosan, acetic acid and ethanol. Coating qualities were measured using a newly developed percent coverage test using iodine staining of the chitosan. To get sufficient wetting, the treatment level of the LDPE had to be a minimum of 52 dyne/cm. Percent coverages of the surfaces coated by hand using Mayer rods were found to be dependent on chitosan percentage in the formula (must be greater than 1.5 %), and on the relative quantities of chitosan, ethanol and acetic acid. The highest percent coverage of the surfaces found using Mayer rod coating was 97 percent. It is believed that the time lost between coating and drying in the manual Mayer rod process explains the lower percent coverage. Percent coverages of gravure coated materials ranged between 95 and 100 percent depending on line speed and drying conditions. The highest line speed for which a good percent coverage was achieved was 150 fpm. Adhesion of the chitosan film to the treated LDPE passed the tape test (ASTM F2252). The chitosan coated film exhibited no sealability for any of the seal conditions

Sense and Respond

Over the past century, the manufacturing industry has undergone a number of paradigm shifts: from the Ford assembly line (1900s) and its focus on efficiency to the Toyota production system (1960s) and its focus on effectiveness and JIDOKA; from flexible manufacturing (1980s) to reconfigurable manufacturing (1990s) (both following the trend of mass customization); and from agent-based manufacturing (2000s) to cloud manufacturing (2010s) (both deploying the value stream complexity into the material and information flow, respectively). The next natural evolutionary step is to provide value by creating industrial cyber-physical assets with human-like intelligence. This will only be possible by further integrating strategic smart sensor technology into the manufacturing cyber-physical value creating processes in which industrial equipment is monitored and controlled for analyzing compression, temperature, moisture, vibrations, and performance. For instance, in the new wave of the ‘Industrial Internet of Things’ (IIoT), smart sensors will enable the development of new applications by interconnecting software, machines, and humans throughout the manufacturing process, thus enabling suppliers and manufacturers to rapidly respond to changing standards. This reprint of “Sense and Respond” aims to cover recent developments in the field of industrial applications, especially smart sensor technologies that increase the productivity, quality, reliability, and safety of industrial cyber-physical value-creating processes