Can You Fool AI by Doing a 180? \unicode{x2013} A Case Study on Authorship Analysis of Texts by Arata Osada

This paper is our attempt at answering a twofold question covering the areas of ethics and authorship analysis. Firstly, since the methods used for performing authorship analysis imply that an author can be recognized by the content he or she creates, we were interested in finding out whether it would be possible for an author identification system to correctly attribute works to authors if in the course of years they have undergone a major psychological transition. Secondly, and from the point of view of the evolution of an author's ethical values, we checked what it would mean if the authorship attribution system encounters difficulties in detecting single authorship. We set out to answer those questions through performing a binary authorship analysis task using a text classifier based on a pre-trained transformer model and a baseline method relying on conventional similarity metrics. For the test set, we chose works of Arata Osada, a Japanese educator and specialist in the history of education, with half of them being books written before the World War II and another half in the 1950s, in between which he underwent a transformation in terms of political opinions. As a result, we were able to confirm that in the case of texts authored by Arata Osada in a time span of more than 10 years, while the classification accuracy drops by a large margin and is substantially lower than for texts by other non-fiction writers, confidence scores of the predictions remain at a similar level as in the case of a shorter time span, indicating that the classifier was in many instances tricked into deciding that texts written over a time span of multiple years were actually written by two different people, which in turn leads us to believe that such a change can affect authorship analysis, and that historical events have great impact on a person's ethical outlook as expressed in their writings

The authorship of the Historia Augusta:Two new computer studies

The Historia Augusta is a collection of biographies of Roman emperors stretching from Hadrian(117-138) to Carus (282-83) and his son Carinus (283-285). The lives purport to be written by six different authors, Aelius Spartianus, Julius Capitolinus, Vulcacius Gallicanus, Aelius Lampridius, Trebellius Pollio, and Flavius Vopiscus, working under the Emperors Diocletian (284-305) and Constantine (306-337). For much of the period it covers, the HA represents the only extended narrative source, and the testimony it offers is invaluable. Unfortunately, the HA is also famous for its bizarre details and puzzling omissions, its lurid focus on emperors’ peccadilloes and personal habits to the detriment of their political accomplishments. It also notoriously includes documents – speeches, letters, laws– which are almost certainly fabricated, and cites a whole host of authors nowhere else attested and which are probably invented. But the problem of the HA is not only its unreliability as an historical text: it also includes throughout troubling anachronisms, mentions of office and titles that only came into being in the middle of the fourth century, decades after the supposed date of its composition. In 1889, Hermann Dessau put forth the provocative thesis that the HA was in fact the work of a single author working under the reign of Theodosius (379-395), and that division of the lives between six authors and their dedications to Diocletian and Constantine were merely a literary ploy. Ronald Syme – the most influential exponent of the Dessau thesis – would famously term the author ‘a rogue grammaticus.

Shtylo : stilometriai elemzések webes támogatása

A stilometria a számítógépes nyelvészet dinamikusan fejlődő területe. Széles körű felhasználását azonban gátolja az a tény, hogy alkalmazóinak többsége nincs a szükséges informatikai tudás birtokában. Cikkünkben egy olyan rendszert mutatunk be, amely az R nyelven írt stylo programcsomaghoz nyújt egy teljes értékű webes felhasználói felületet, valamint segítséget nyújt a stilometriai kísérletekhez szükséges korpuszok összeállításában és tárolásában is. Az elkészített szoftver működését egyrészt történeti szövegek elemzésén, másrészt plágiumkeresési feladat végrehajtásán mutatjuk be

Romances teatrales entre Mira de Amescua, Calderón y Lope, ritmo, asonancia y cuestiones de autoría

Departing from doubts about the authorship of El divino Jasón, the article examines the paternity of two autos sacramentales with complementary stylometric approaches. Firstly, an initial round of traditional token-based tests was run. Then, the texts were classified according to the metrical features of their romances. The tests of both approaches attributed El divino Jasón to Mira de Amescua whilst they classified La universal redenciónamong Lope de Vega's work. Hence, the author seems to leave a footprint in their octosyllables' rhythmic patterns, resembling those revealed by classic stylometric methods. So, together with the contribution to forensic linguistics, this article presents a new method for studying sound-related aspects of the Spanish Golden Age plays.Partiendo de dudas acerca de la autoría de El divino Jasón, el artículo examina la paternidad de dos autos sacramentales con aproximaciones estilométricas complementarias. En primer lugar, se realizó una ronda inicial de pruebas estilométricas tradicionales basadas en tokens. Seguidamente, se clasificaron los textos de acuerdo a las características métricas de sus romances. Las pruebas de ambas aproximaciones asociaron El divino Jasón con Mira de Amescua, mientras que clasificaron La universal redención entre las obras de Lope de Vega. Por lo tanto, el autor parece imprimir en los patrones rítmicos de sus octosílabos una huella semejante a las que revelan los métodos estilométricos clásicos. De esta manera, junto a la contribución a la lingüística forense, este artículo presenta un nuevo método para el estudio de los aspectos sonoros del teatro aurisecular

An Investigation of Plant-Microbe Interactions Under Cadmium Stress in Agar-Based Medium, Hydroponics, and Soil Studies

This thesis investigated plant-microbe-metal interactions at two scales: a single plant-microbe system and an agricultural rhizobacterial community. The first objective was to investigate the effectiveness of a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) on mediating cadmium stress in a plant model system. Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 was inoculated with Pseudomonas putida UW4, which in its wild type form has been reported to reduce plant stress by simultaneously metabolizing the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) with the enzyme ACC deaminase and stimulating plant growth through the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). A mutant strain that lacks ACC deaminase and a no bacteria treatment were used as controls. When plants were grown on agar-based or hydroponic Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing cadmium both strains of PGPR had deleterious effects on plant growth. Further investigation revealed that the PGPR were unable to survive in MS medium without the presence of a plant. Loss of plant growth-promotion was hypothesized to be due to the unfavourable environment for the bacterium. To test this, agricultural soil was maintained for 28 days with either MS medium or distilled water and the bacterial community profile was analyzed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis. A decrease in fragment richness was observed in the MS medium treatment, which lends further support to the theory that certain environmental conditions can be detrimental to rhizobacteria. The final objective was to determine if the rhizosphere microbial communities varied among two pairs of high and low metal-accumulating plants (two cultivars of Triticum durum, Kyle and Arcola, as well as Brassica juncea and B. napus). Plants were grown in agricultural soil containing cadmium and the microbial community profiles were analyzed using TRFLP. When the plant’s metal-accumulating ability was well matched to the metal concentration in the soil a unique rhizobial community developed; when they were unmatched, the rhizobacteria did not differ from the bulk soil. As a whole, this thesis demonstrates the complex nature of plant-microbe-metal interactions and the need to continue to look at these systems. Knowledge gained will help in properly matching PGPR to field applications to increase the efficacy of bioremediation strategies, agricultural yields, and food safety

The effect of osteopathic medicine on pain in musicians with nonspecific chronic neck pain: a randomized controlled trial

Background: Nonspecific chronic neck pain (cNP) is common in adult violinists and violists and is often treated with osteopathic medicine (OM), although the effectiveness of this treatment has not been determined to date. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of OM in adult violinists and violists with cNP. Methods: In a two-armed randomized controlled single-center open trial, adult violinists and violists, including music students, with cNP (⩾12 weeks) were randomized to either five individualized OM sessions (OM group) or to no intervention (control group, CG) in the outpatient clinic for integrative medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany. All patients received a musicians’ medicine consultation and paracetamol on demand. The primary outcome parameter was the neck pain intensity on a visual analog scale (VAS, 0– 100 mm, 0 = no pain, 100 = worst imaginable pain) after 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included neck pain disability (Neck Disability Index, NDI, 0–100%) after 12 weeks. The last follow-up visit was after 52 weeks. Statistical analysis included analysis of covariance adjusted for respective baseline value. Results: Altogether, 62 outpatients were included [OM group (n = 28), CG (n = 34); 81% female; mean age, 41.6 ± 11.1 years; mean baseline neck pain, 55.9 ± 11.6 mm]. After 12 weeks, OM was associated with an improvement in the OM group versus the CG in neck pain on the VAS [14.6 mm (95% confidence interval 8.0; 21.2) versus 40.8 mm (34.7; 46.9), p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.4], and neck pain disability as determined by the NDI [8.8% (6.7; 10.8) versus 17.2% (15.3; 19.1), p < 0.001]. Some improvements were maintained until 52 weeks of follow-up. No serious adverse events were observed. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that OM might be effective in reducing pain intensity in adult violinists and violists with nonspecific cNP. Further studies should investigate the efficacy of OM in comparison with a sham procedure and with other effective therapy methods in high-quality multicenter trials. Trial registration: WHO Trial Registration https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/NoAccess.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx by German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00009258, Universal Trial Number (UTN): U1111-1173- 5943

Establishment of an experimental model of ovalbumin-induced atopic dermatitis in canines

IntroductionA reliable standard model is required to evaluate the efficacy of new drugs for companion animals, especially dogs. Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD), also known as allergic inflammatory skin disease, is a common condition. Currently, the house dust mite animal model is used in the research of cAD; however, this model exhibits significant individual variation and is difficult to standardize. In this study, we used ovalbumin as an antigen to sensitize and stimulate dogs, thereby establishing a stable model mimicking the T-helper 2 (Th2) response seen in cAD. Our objective was to create a cAD model that could be employed to evaluate the efficacy of novel drugs and mimic the Th2 dominant allergic response observed in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis of dogs.MethodsIn this study, six beagles were used. Normal saline was applied to two animals, and ovalbumin to four, on their dorsal skin.ResultsThe ovalbumin-treated groups exhibited clinical cAD symptoms, such as pruritus and erythema. Moreover, plasma levels of the cAD markers immunoglobulin E and CCL17 chemokine were higher in the ovalbumin-treated group than in the vehicle control group. The skin thickness of the epidermis was significantly increased in the ovalbumin-treated group, with infiltration of inflammatory cells observed in the thickened dermis region. In conclusion, treatment of canine skin with an optimal concentration of ovalbumin induced typical cAD-like symptoms, and histological and molecular analyses confirmed an enhanced Th2-related immune response.ConclusionTherefore, we successfully established a suitable Th2-dominant response mimicking cAD, which will facilitate targeted research of atopic dermatitis in dogs