A Profile of Smoking and Health in Wales

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Water politics within the Palestinian nation-state building

This ethnographic research investigates the structural and administrative conditions of domestic water control and supply in the Dheisha refugee camp, compared to the surrounding Bethlehem district (West Bank). It analyzes the vertical and horizontal social relations occurring daily among the refugee community in satisfying their need for domestic water. I will show the social changes that the new Palestinian National Authority’s organization of domestic water supply has engendered and how the present situation is locally perceived by refugees and citizens of the West Bank. Water emerged as medium of the local and regional political relations in the negotiation of different forms of identification and differentiation in the Palestinian society of the West Bank, which is not at all homogeneous but rich in visions of « others » that are in conflict, collaborate or simply co-exist.Cette enquête ethnographique interroge les conditions structurelles et administratives du contrôle et de l’approvisionnement en eau dans le camp de réfugiés de Deisha, en le comparant avec le District de Bethléem (Cisjordanie). La recherche analyse les relations sociales verticales et horizontales qui se tissent quotidiennement au sein de la communauté des réfugiés pour satisfaire leur besoin en eau. J’illustre les changements sociaux engendrés par l’organisation de l’Autorité palestinienne et la manière dont la situation actuelle est localement perçue par les réfugiés et les citoyens de la Cisjordanie. L’eau apparaît comme un médiateur des relations politiques locales et régionales dans la négociation de modalités différentes d’identification et de différenciation de la société palestinienne en Cisjordanie ; cette dernière n’est pas homogène mais elle confronte une multitude de visions des « autres » qui sont en conflit, collaborent ou simplement coexistent

Security Improvements for the Automatic Identification System

The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is used aboard the vast majority of sea-going vessels in the world as a collision avoidance tool. Currently, the AIS operates without any security features, which make it vulnerable to exploits such as spoofing, hijacking, and replay attacks by malicious parties. This paper examines the work that has been done so far to improve AIS security, as well as the approaches taken on similar problems in the aircraft and vehicular mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) industries. The first major contribution of this paper is the implementation of a Software Defined Radio (SDR) AIS transmitter and receiver which can be used to conduct vulnerability analysis and test the implementation of new security features. The second contribution is the design of a novel authentication protocol which overcomes the existing vulnerabilities in the AIS system. The proposed protocol uses time-delayed hash-chain key disclosures as part of a message authentication code (MAC) appended to automatic position reports to verify the authenticity of a user. This method requires only one additional time slot for broadcast authentication compared to the existing standard and is a significant reduction in message overhead requirements compared to alternative approaches that solely rely on public key infrastructure (PKI). Additionally, there is an embedded time stamp, a feature lacking in the existing system, which makes this protocol resistant to replay attacks. A test implementation of the proposed protocol indicates that it can be deployed as a link layer software update to existing AIS transceivers and can be deployed within the current AIS technical standards as an expanded message set