Security in 5G-Enabled Internet of Things Communication: Issues: Challenges, and Future Research Roadmap

5G mobile communication systems promote the mobile network to not only interconnect people, but also interconnect and control the machine and other devices. 5G-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) communication environment supports a wide-variety of applications, such as remote surgery, self-driving car, virtual reality, flying IoT drones, security and surveillance and many more. These applications help and assist the routine works of the community. In such communication environment, all the devices and users communicate through the Internet. Therefore, this communication agonizes from different types of security and privacy issues. It is also vulnerable to different types of possible attacks (for example, replay, impersonation, password reckoning, physical device stealing, session key computation, privileged-insider, malware, man-in-the-middle, malicious routing, and so on). It is then very crucial to protect the infrastructure of 5G-enabled IoT communication environment against these attacks. This necessitates the researchers working in this domain to propose various types of security protocols under different types of categories, like key management, user authentication/device authentication, access control/user access control and intrusion detection. In this survey paper, the details of various system models (i.e., network model and threat model) required for 5G-enabled IoT communication environment are provided. The details of security requirements and attacks possible in this communication environment are further added. The different types of security protocols are also provided. The analysis and comparison of the existing security protocols in 5G-enabled IoT communication environment are conducted. Some of the future research challenges and directions in the security of 5G-enabled IoT environment are displayed. The motivation of this work is to bring the details of different types of security protocols in 5G-enabled IoT under one roof so that the future researchers will be benefited with the conducted work

Security Enhancement of IoT and Fog Computing Via Blockchain Applications

Blockchain technology is now becoming highly appealing to the next generation because it is better tailored to the information age. Blockchain technologies can also be used in the Internet of Things (IoT) and fog computing. The development of IoT and Fog Computing technologies in different fields has resulted in a major improvement in distributed networks. Blockchain technology is now becoming highly appealing to the next generation because it is better tailored to the information age. Blockchain technologies can also be used in IoT and fog computing.  The blockchain principle necessitates a transparent data storage mechanism for storing and exchanging data and transactions throughout the network. In this paper, first, we explained Blockchain, its architecture, and its security. Then we view Blockchain application in IoT security. Then we explained Fog computing, Generic Security Requirements for Fog Computing, and we also discuss Blockchain applications that enhance Fog Computing Security. Finally, we conduct a review of some recent literature on using Blockchain applications to improve the security of IoT and fog computing and a comparison of the methods proposed in the literature

An Internet of Things (IoT) Ecosystem for Detection and Removal of Radon Gas

The region that served as the basis for this work is characterized by the abundance of different types of granite. In some places, the predominance of certain uraniferous minerals, the existence of faults and mines may even be responsible for the existence of very high levels of natural radioactivity, especially with regard to radon. The main motivation for studying the effects of population exposure to radon is based on the fact that this gas, radioactive, odorless, colorless and tasteless, has been recognized since 1988 by the World Health Organization as the 2nd leading cause of death from lung cancer for the general population, after tobacco. Approximately 80 % of the background radiation to which populations are exposed daily comes from natural sources, which can include radioactive materials of natural origin, NORM, present in the earth’s crust, in food, in some drinks and, including certain building materials. In December 2018, a new legislation was approved in Portugal, DL no 108/2018, transposed from European Directive 59/2013 / Euratom, which establishes uniform basic safety standards for the protection of the health of people subject to exposure professional, public and medical professionals against the dangers arising from ionizing radiation. The radon isotope, 222Rn, which results from radio disintegration, 226Ra, and one of the uranium decay products, 238U, is the main radionuclide of radiological interest in terms human health. This radioactive gas is spontaneously released from some rocks and, being slightly denser than air, it tends to accumulate in ground areas of closed spaces and is responsible for the majority of the radiation dose received by the population. Some traditional solutions have been applied in order to solve the problem, however, after the detection of the radon they do not use the data collected in order to combat and prevent the gas from accumulating in the interior spaces. In Portugal it is a problem that has not been given due attention. Taking into account the possible harmful effects of radon on the population, the main motivation of this work was the development of an IoT (Internet of Things) system with the objective of detecting, mitigating and predicting the levels of radon gas inside homes. Based on this assumption, it will be possible to create a healthier environment that will reduce health risks in closed environments. To achieve this goal, an IoT system was developed, consisting of a radon sensor and an automated switch, which allows the fans installed and / or switched off to be installed in the residence, as well as predicting and making decisions in the face of a potentially dangerous situation based on the records provided by the sensors. This system also includes a web application that allows the user to consult the statistical data related to the average radon concentration. On the other hand, through the web application, it is possible to not only activate the fans manually, but also to edit the limit at which the fans are activated. This system was tested in a real context and, therefore, it is possible to compare two radon gas mitigation methods and identify which would be the most effective. Once the method to be used was determined and after stabilizing the data obtained by the sensor, the results obtained by the system were analyzed, which allowed us to conclude that the system reduced considerably the levels of radon in the house. On average, there was a 93% reduction in the concentration of radon gas. This result demonstrates that the implementation of the system was successful and allows us to conclude that it can be applied on a larger scale.A região que serviu de base para a realização deste trabalho é caracterizada pela abundância de diversos tipos de granitos. Em alguns locais, a predominância de determinados minerais uraníferos, a existência de falhas e minas podem, inclusivamente, ser responsáveis pela existência de níveis de radioatividade natural bastante elevados, especialmente no que se refere ao radão. A principal motivação para se estudar os efeitos da exposição das populações ao radão baseia-se no facto de este gás, radioativo, inodoro, incolor e insípido, ser desde 1988, reconhecido pela Organização Mundial de Saúde como a 2a causa de morte por cancro pulmonar para a população geral, depois do tabaco. Cerca de 80% da radiação de fundo a que as populações estão, diariamente, expostas tem origem em fontes naturais nas quais se podem incluir os materiais radioativos de origem natural, NORM, presentes na crosta terrestre, na comida, em algumas bebidas e, inclusivamente, em certos materiais de construção. Em dezembro de 2018, foi aprovada, em Portugal, uma nova legislação, o DL no 108/2018, transposta da Diretiva Europeia 59/2013/Euratom, que estabelece normas de segurança de base uniformes para a proteção da saúde de pessoas sujeitas a exposição profissional, da população e médica contra os perigos resultantes das radiações ionizantes. O isótopo radão, 222Rn, que resulta da desintegração do radio, 226Ra, e um dos produtos de decaimento do urânio, 238U, é o principal radionuclídeo com interesse radiológico em termos de saúde humana. Este gás radioativo liberta-se, espontaneamente de algumas rochas e, sendo ligeiramente mais denso do que o ar, tem tendência a acumular-se em zonas térreas de espaços fechados e é responsável pela maioria da dose de radiação recebida pela população. Algumas soluções tradicionais têm sido aplicadas de modo a resolver o problema, no entanto, depois da deteção do radão estas não usam os dados recolhidos de forma a combater e a prevenir que o gás se acumule nos espaços interiores. Em Portugal é um problema que não tem a devida atenção. Tendo em conta os possíveis efeitos nocivos do radão na população, a principal motivação deste trabalho consistiu no desenvolvimento de um sistema IoT (Internet das Coisas) com o objetivo de detetar, mitigar e prever os níveis do gás radão no interior das habitações. Partindo deste pressuposto, será possível criar um ambiente mais saudável que permitirá reduzir os riscos para a saúde em ambientes fechados. Para se concretizar este objetivo foi desenvolvido um sistema IoT que consiste em um sensor de radão e um interruptor automatizado, que permite ligar e/ou desligar os ventiladores instalados na residência, bem como prever e tomar decisões perante uma situação potencialmente perigosa com base nos registos fornecidos pelos sensores. Este sistema integra também uma aplicação web que permite ao utilizador consultar os dados estatísticos relativos à concentração média de radão. Por outro lado, através da aplicação web, é possível não só ativar os ventiladores manualmente, como também editar o limite em que os ventiladores são accionados. Este sistema foi testado num contexto real e, por isso, possível comparar dois métodos de mitigação do gás radão e identificar qual seria o mais eficaz. Uma vez determinado o método a ser utilizado e após a estabilização dos dados obtidos pelo sensor, analisaram-se os resultados obtidos pelo sistema que permitiram concluir que o sistema reduziu consideravelmente os níveis de radão na habitação. Foi verificada, em média, uma redução de cerca de 93% na concentração de gás radão. Este resultado demonstra que a implementação do sistema foi um sucesso e permite concluir que poderá ser aplicado numa escala maior

Communication Technologies for Smart Grid: A Comprehensive Survey

With the ongoing trends in the energy sector such as vehicular electrification and renewable energy, smart grid is clearly playing a more and more important role in the electric power system industry. One essential feature of the smart grid is the information flow over the high-speed, reliable and secure data communication network in order to manage the complex power systems effectively and intelligently. Smart grids utilize bidirectional communication to function where traditional power grids mainly only use one-way communication. The communication requirements and suitable technique differ depending on the specific environment and scenario. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date survey on the communication technologies used in the smart grid, including the communication requirements, physical layer technologies, network architectures, and research challenges. This survey aims to help the readers identify the potential research problems in the continued research on the topic of smart grid communications

Smart campuses : extensive review of the last decade of research and current challenges

Novel intelligent systems to assist energy transition and improve sustainability can be deployed at different scales, ranging from a house to an entire region. University campuses are an interesting intermediate size (big enough to matter and small enough to be tractable) for research, development, test and training on the integration of smartness at all levels, which has led to the emergence of the concept of “smart campus” over the last few years. This review article proposes an extensive analysis of the scientific literature on smart campuses from the last decade (2010-2020). The 182 selected publications are distributed into seven categories of smartness: smart building, smart environment, smart mobility, smart living, smart people, smart governance and smart data. The main open questions and challenges regarding smart campuses are presented at the end of the review and deal with sustainability and energy transition, acceptability and ethics, learning models, open data policies and interoperability. The present work was carried out within the framework of the Energy Network of the Regional Leaders Summit (RLS-Energy) as part of its multilateral research efforts on smart region

A System Proposal for Information Management in Building Sector Based on BIM, SSI, IoT and Blockchain

This work presents a Self Sovereign Identity based system proposal to show how Blockchain, Building Information Modeling, Internet of Thing devices, and Self Sovereign Identity concepts can support the process of building digitalization, guaranteeing the compliance standards and technical regulations. The proposal ensures eligibility, transparency and traceability of all information produced by stakeholders, or generated by IoT devices appropriately placed, during the entire life cycle of a building artifact. By exploiting the concepts of the Self Sovereign Identity, our proposal allows the identification of all involved stakeholders, the storage off-chain of all information, and that on-chain of the sole data necessary for the information notarization and certification, adopting multi-signature approval mechanisms where appropriate. In addition it allows the eligibility verification of the certificated information, providing also useful information for facility management. It is proposed as an innovative system and companies that adopt the Open Innovation paradigm might want to pursue it. The model proposal is designed exploiting the Veramo platform, hence the Ethereum Blockchain, and all the recommendations about Self Sovereign Identity systems given by the European Blockchain Partnership, and by the World Wide Web Consortium