7,184 research outputs found

    Examples of works to practice staccato technique in clarinet instrument

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    Klarnetin staccato tekniğini güçlendirme aşamaları eser çalışmalarıyla uygulanmıştır. Staccato geçişlerini hızlandıracak ritim ve nüans çalışmalarına yer verilmiştir. Çalışmanın en önemli amacı sadece staccato çalışması değil parmak-dilin eş zamanlı uyumunun hassasiyeti üzerinde de durulmasıdır. Staccato çalışmalarını daha verimli hale getirmek için eser çalışmasının içinde etüt çalışmasına da yer verilmiştir. Çalışmaların üzerinde titizlikle durulması staccato çalışmasının ilham verici etkisi ile müzikal kimliğe yeni bir boyut kazandırmıştır. Sekiz özgün eser çalışmasının her aşaması anlatılmıştır. Her aşamanın bir sonraki performans ve tekniği güçlendirmesi esas alınmıştır. Bu çalışmada staccato tekniğinin hangi alanlarda kullanıldığı, nasıl sonuçlar elde edildiği bilgisine yer verilmiştir. Notaların parmak ve dil uyumu ile nasıl şekilleneceği ve nasıl bir çalışma disiplini içinde gerçekleşeceği planlanmıştır. Kamış-nota-diyafram-parmak-dil-nüans ve disiplin kavramlarının staccato tekniğinde ayrılmaz bir bütün olduğu saptanmıştır. Araştırmada literatür taraması yapılarak staccato ile ilgili çalışmalar taranmıştır. Tarama sonucunda klarnet tekniğin de kullanılan staccato eser çalışmasının az olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Metot taramasında da etüt çalışmasının daha çok olduğu saptanmıştır. Böylelikle klarnetin staccato tekniğini hızlandırma ve güçlendirme çalışmaları sunulmuştur. Staccato etüt çalışmaları yapılırken, araya eser çalışmasının girmesi beyni rahatlattığı ve istekliliği daha arttırdığı gözlemlenmiştir. Staccato çalışmasını yaparken doğru bir kamış seçimi üzerinde de durulmuştur. Staccato tekniğini doğru çalışmak için doğru bir kamışın dil hızını arttırdığı saptanmıştır. Doğru bir kamış seçimi kamıştan rahat ses çıkmasına bağlıdır. Kamış, dil atma gücünü vermiyorsa daha doğru bir kamış seçiminin yapılması gerekliliği vurgulanmıştır. Staccato çalışmalarında baştan sona bir eseri yorumlamak zor olabilir. Bu açıdan çalışma, verilen müzikal nüanslara uymanın, dil atış performansını rahatlattığını ortaya koymuştur. Gelecek nesillere edinilen bilgi ve birikimlerin aktarılması ve geliştirici olması teşvik edilmiştir. Çıkacak eserlerin nasıl çözüleceği, staccato tekniğinin nasıl üstesinden gelinebileceği anlatılmıştır. Staccato tekniğinin daha kısa sürede çözüme kavuşturulması amaç edinilmiştir. Parmakların yerlerini öğrettiğimiz kadar belleğimize de çalışmaların kaydedilmesi önemlidir. Gösterilen azmin ve sabrın sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan yapıt başarıyı daha da yukarı seviyelere çıkaracaktır

    Genetic considerations in cerebral small vessel diseases

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    Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) encompasses a broad clinical spectrum united by pathology of the small vessels of the brain. CSVD is commonly identified using brain magnetic resonance imaging with well characterized markers including covert infarcts, white matter hyperintensities, enlarged perivascular spaces, and cerebral microbleeds. The pathophysiology of CSVD is complex involving genetic determinants, environmental factors, and their interactions. While the role of vascular risk factors in CSVD is well known and its management is pivotal in mitigating the clinical effects, recent research has identified novel genetic factors involved in CSVD. Delineating genetic determinants can promote the understanding of the disease and suggest effective treatments and preventive measures of CSVD at the individual level. Here we review CSVD focusing on recent advances in the genetics of CSVD. The knowledge gained has advanced understanding of the pathophysiology of CSVD, offered promising early results that may improve subtype identification of small vessel strokes, has led to additional identification of mendelian forms of small vessel strokes, and is getting closer to influencing clinical care through pharmacogenetic studies

    Decoding spatial location of attended audio-visual stimulus with EEG and fNIRS

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    When analyzing complex scenes, humans often focus their attention on an object at a particular spatial location in the presence of background noises and irrelevant visual objects. The ability to decode the attended spatial location would facilitate brain computer interfaces (BCI) for complex scene analysis. Here, we tested two different neuroimaging technologies and investigated their capability to decode audio-visual spatial attention in the presence of competing stimuli from multiple locations. For functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), we targeted dorsal frontoparietal network including frontal eye field (FEF) and intra-parietal sulcus (IPS) as well as superior temporal gyrus/planum temporal (STG/PT). They all were shown in previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies to be activated by auditory, visual, or audio-visual spatial tasks. We found that fNIRS provides robust decoding of attended spatial locations for most participants and correlates with behavioral performance. Moreover, we found that FEF makes a large contribution to decoding performance. Surprisingly, the performance was significantly above chance level 1s after cue onset, which is well before the peak of the fNIRS response. For electroencephalography (EEG), while there are several successful EEG-based algorithms, to date, all of them focused exclusively on auditory modality where eye-related artifacts are minimized or controlled. Successful integration into a more ecological typical usage requires careful consideration for eye-related artifacts which are inevitable. We showed that fast and reliable decoding can be done with or without ocular-removal algorithm. Our results show that EEG and fNIRS are promising platforms for compact, wearable technologies that could be applied to decode attended spatial location and reveal contributions of specific brain regions during complex scene analysis

    Does bimanual coordination training benefit inhibitory function in older adults?

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    IntroductionWhether complex movement training benefits inhibitory functions and transfers the effects to non-practiced motor and cognitive tasks is still unknown. The present experiment addressed this issue using a bimanual coordination paradigm. The main hypothesis was that bimanual coordination training allows for improving the involved cognitive (i.e., inhibition) mechanisms and then, transferring to non-practiced cognitive and motor tasks, that share common processes.Methods17 older participants (72.1 ± 4.0 years) underwent 2 training and 3 test sessions (pre, post, and retention one week after) over three weeks. Training included maintaining bimanual coordination anti-phase pattern (AP) at high frequency while inhibiting the in-phase pattern (IP). During the test sessions, participants performed two bimanual coordination tasks and two cognitive tasks involving inhibition mechanisms. Transfer benefits of training on reaction time (RT), and total switching time (TST) were measured. In the cognitive tasks (i.e., the Colour Word Stroop Task (CWST) and the Motor and Perceptual Inhibition Test (MAPIT)), transfer effects were measured on response times and error rates. Repeated one-way measures ANOVAs and mediation analyses were conducted.ResultsResults confirmed that training was effective on the trained task and delayed the spontaneous transition frequency. Moreover, it transferred the benefits to untrained bimanual coordination and cognitive tasks that also involve inhibition functions. Mediation analyses confirmed that the improvement of inhibitory functions mediated the transfer of training in both the motor and cognitive tasks.DiscussionThis study confirmed that bimanual coordination practice can transfer training benefits to non-practiced cognitive and motor tasks since presumably they all share the same cognitive processes

    Strategies for Early Learners

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    Welcome to learning about how to effectively plan curriculum for young children. This textbook will address: • Developing curriculum through the planning cycle • Theories that inform what we know about how children learn and the best ways for teachers to support learning • The three components of developmentally appropriate practice • Importance and value of play and intentional teaching • Different models of curriculum • Process of lesson planning (documenting planned experiences for children) • Physical, temporal, and social environments that set the stage for children’s learning • Appropriate guidance techniques to support children’s behaviors as the self-regulation abilities mature. • Planning for preschool-aged children in specific domains including o Physical development o Language and literacy o Math o Science o Creative (the visual and performing arts) o Diversity (social science and history) o Health and safety • Making children’s learning visible through documentation and assessmenthttps://scholar.utc.edu/open-textbooks/1001/thumbnail.jp

    The developing maternal-infant relationship: a qualitative longitudinal study

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    Aim The study aimed to explore maternal perceptions and the use of knowledge relating to their infant’s mental health over time using qualitative longitudinal research. Background There has been a growing interest in infant mental health over recent years. Much of this interest is directed through the lens of infant determinism, through knowledge regarding neurological development resulting in biological determinism. Research and policy in this field are directed toward individual parenting behaviours, usually focused on the mother. Despite this, there is little attention given to maternal perspectives of infant mental health, indicating that a more innovative approach to methodology is required. Methods This study took a qualitative longitudinal approach, and interviews were undertaken with seven mothers from the third trimester of pregnancy and then throughout the first year of the infant’s life. Interviews were conducted at 34 weeks of pregnancy, and then when the infant was 6 and 12 weeks, 6, 9, and 12 months, alongside the collection of researcher field notes—a total of 41 interviews. Data were analysed by creating case profiles, memos, and summaries, and then cross-comparison of the emerging narratives. A psycho-socially informed approach was taken to the analysis of data. Findings Three interrelated themes emerged from the data: evolving maternal identity, growing a person, and creating a safe space. The theme of evolving maternal identity dominated the other themes of growing a person and creating a safe space in a way that met perceived socio-cultural requirements for mothering and childcare practices. Participants’ personal stories give voice to their perceptions of the developing maternal-infant relationship in the context of their socio-cultural setting, relationships with others, and experiences over time. Conclusions This study adds new knowledge by giving mothers a voice to express how the maternal-infant relationship develops over time. The findings demonstrate how the developing maternal-infant relationship grows in response to their mutual needs as the mother works to create and sustain identities for herself and the infant that will fit within their socio-cultural context and individual situations. Additionally, the findings illustrate the importance of temporal considerations, social networks, and intergenerational relationships to this evolving process. Recommendations for practice, policy, and education are made that reflect the unique relationship between mother and infant and the need to conceptualise this using an ecological approach

    TOWARDS AN UNDERSTANDING OF EFFORTFUL FUNDRAISING EXPERIENCES: USING INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN FUNDRAISING RESEARCH

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    Physical-activity oriented community fundraising has experienced an exponential growth in popularity over the past 15 years. The aim of this study was to explore the value of effortful fundraising experiences, from the point of view of participants, and explore the impact that these experiences have on people’s lives. This study used an IPA approach to interview 23 individuals, recognising the role of participants as proxy (nonprofessional) fundraisers for charitable organisations, and the unique organisation donor dynamic that this creates. It also bought together relevant psychological theory related to physical activity fundraising experiences (through a narrative literature review) and used primary interview data to substantiate these. Effortful fundraising experiences are examined in detail to understand their significance to participants, and how such experiences influence their connection with a charity or cause. This was done with an idiographic focus at first, before examining convergences and divergences across the sample. This study found that effortful fundraising experiences can have a profound positive impact upon community fundraisers in both the short and the long term. Additionally, it found that these experiences can be opportunities for charitable organisations to create lasting meaningful relationships with participants, and foster mutually beneficial lifetime relationships with them. Further research is needed to test specific psychological theory in this context, including self-esteem theory, self determination theory, and the martyrdom effect (among others)

    Epilepsy Mortality: Leading Causes of Death, Co-morbidities, Cardiovascular Risk and Prevention

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    a reuptake inhibitor selectively prevents seizure-induced sudden death in the DBA/1 mouse model of sudden unexpected ... Bilateral lesions of the fastigial nucleus prevent the recovery of blood pressure following hypotension induced by ..

    Desenvolvimento de testes genéticos por PCR em tempo-real para diagnóstico rápido de LHON e surdez

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    Mitochondrial cytopathies are a set of diseases caused by a disturbance in the cell energy production. Mitochondrial dysfunction impairs efficiency of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) and ATP production, affecting the organism’s energetic equilibrium. Pathogenic sequence variants in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that lead to these pathologies are more frequent in tissues that need higher energy levels to function. The presented work looks into two such diseases: Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy and mitochondrial non-syndromic Hearing Loss (MNSHL). LHON is characterized by presence of genetic alterations in mtDNA, with three main primary pathogenic sequence variants existing, which represent 90-95% of LHON cases with an identified genetic cause: m.3460G>A, in ND1 subunit gene; m.11778G>A, in ND4 subunit gene; and m.14484T>C, in ND6 subunit gene. All of these are subunits of the MRC’s complex I. These mtDNA variations lead to mitochondrial dysfunction in complex I, creating ATP depletion, reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase and oxidative stress. LHON is commonly characterized by a sequential vision loss and, within 1 year of symptoms starting, 97% of patients with vision loss in one eye develop loss in the second. Therapy administration yields good outcomes, if done in a short-time span after first vision loss. It is essential to quickly and reliably scan for pathogenic sequence variants, in order to act timely and rescue function. Mitochondrial non-syndromic hearing loss and deafness (MNSHL) is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). This type of hearing loss, particularly when induced by aminoglycosides, has also three primary pathogenic sequence variants associated with ototoxicity: m.1494C>T and m.1555A>G, both in the MTRNR1 gene, and m.7445A>G, in the MTCO1 and MTTS1 genes. These are responsible for ATP depletion, an increase of ROS and oxidative stress, due to alterations in the mitochondrial ribosome or tRNA. In MNSHL, the cochlea is the affected tissue. With this disorder the principal modifier factor is the administration of aminoglycosides, a type of antibiotics, which trigger a cascade, that leads the individual permanently deaf. The best course of action is prevention, and to ensure clinical action is not dramatically slowed down, results that show whether administration is safe or not need to be quick. The aim of this work, for both diseases, is the development of a screening method characterized by fast and reliable approach for genetic assessment, to be used for clinical guidance, particularly in therapeutics. For LHON, the screening method is based on real-time PCR with High-Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis, for detection of the TOP-3 pathogenic sequence variants, by assessing the amplicon’s Tm. In this case, 94 samples were analyzed, including LHON suspected patients, relatives, other mitochondrial disease patients and healthy controls. All samples were previously classified by another method, having then been blinded before the performance of this work. For analysis, Real-Time PCR was run in triplicates, to allow for a more robust HRM analysis. The software had the ability to classify samples as different variants, wild-type or mutant; information which was then crossed with the previous classification of the sample to assess the success of the software classification. Samples were correctly assigned. This approach provides results in a quick fashion that guides clinical action in a timely fashion. The presence of other polymorphisms in the amplicons might be a hindrance to the robustness of the results provided by this technique and their effect on variant classification needs to be considered. For this, a predictive in-silico analysis was performed, regarding all described variants’ presence in the sequences in analysis. Accordingly, an additional complementary method may be necessary for assurance of result’s specificity. For MNSHL, the screening method was also real-time PCR based, but this one was performed with Amplification-Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) primers, designed for the pathogenic sequence variants previously associated in literature for the MNSHL. Discrimination of results was done based on amplification in positive cases and lack of it in negative cases. This approach analyzed 32 samples, including MNSHL suspected patients, their relatives, other mitochondrial disease patients and healthy controls, but only results concerning the m.1555A>G were obtained timely. All samples were previously classified by another method, having then been blinded before performance of this work. For optimization, Real-Time PCR was run in duplicates, to increase robustness of analysis. The Real-Time software showed if samples amplified as wild-type or mutant, with classification following. This data was crossed with previous known classification of the samples to assess the success of the approach. All analyzed samples were correctly identified with this approach. However, two of the three pathogenic sequence variants did not achieve implementation within the timeframe necessary for their inclusion, namely m.1494C>T and m.7445A>G. The optimization of their screening was not possible and further work is necessary to optimize and implement the approach concerning the analysis for these variants. In conclusion, it was possible to implement an analysis method for LHON’s TOP-3 pathogenic sequence variants within 24h, which represents a big step in precision medicine for diagnosis of this disease. On the other hand, although the implementation was not concluded, a similar approach was started for MNSHL – that, when concluded, will have an enormous impact in preventing aminoglycoside induced HL. This work represents a high impact scientific contribution in reverse translational research.As citopatias mitocondriais são um conjunto de doenças causadas por um distúrbio na produção de energia celular. A disfunção mitocondrial prejudica a eficiência da cadeia respiratória mitocondrial (CRM) e a produção de ATP, afetando o equilíbrio energético do organismo. As variações de sequência patogénicas no DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA) que levam a estas patologias são mais frequentes em tecidos que necessitam de maiores níveis de energia para funcionar. O presente trabalho explora duas dessas doenças: Neuropatia ótica hereditária de Leber (LHON) e Surdez mitocondrial induzida por aminoglicosídeos. A LHON é caracterizada pela presença de alterações genéticas do mtDNA, existindo três variações de sequência patogénicas primárias principais, que representam 90-95% de casos de LHON com identificação da causa genética: m.3460G>A, no gene que codifica a subunidade ND1; m.11778G>A, no gene que codifica a subunidade ND4; e m.14484T>C, no gene que codifica a subunidade ND6. Todas estas subunidades pertencem ao complexo I da CRM. Estas alterações no mtDNA levam a disfunção mitocondrial no complexo I, criando depleção de ATP, aumento de espécies reativas de oxigénio (ROS) e stresse oxidativo. A LHON é comummente caracterizada pela perda sequencial de visão e, 1 ano após o início dos sintomas, 97% dos casos com perda de visão num olho desenvolvem perda de visão no segundo. A administração de terapia produz bons resultados, quando realizada num curto período de tempo após a primeira perda de visão. Assim, é essencial pesquisar variações de sequência patogénicas genéticas de forma rápida e fiável, para atuar rapidamente e recuperar a função visual. A Surdez mitocondrial não-sindrómica (MNSHL), em particular a induzida por aminoglicosídeos, tem também três mutações principais associadas à perda de audição: m.1494C>T e m.1555A>G, ambas no gene MTRNR1, e m.7445A>G, nos genes MTCO1 e MTTS1. Estas são responsáveis pela depleção de ATP, aumento de ROS e stresse oxidativo, devido a alterações no ribossoma ou no tRNA mitocondrial. Aqui, o tecido afetado é a cóclea. Nesta doença, o fator modificador em destaque é a administração de antibióticos de tipo aminoglicosídeos, que despoletam uma cascata de acontecimentos, levando à surdez permanente. A melhor estratégia passa pela prevenção, enquanto ao mesmo tempo se garante que a ação clínica não sofre atrasos. Desta forma, são necessários resultados rápidos, que demonstrem se a administração será segura ou não. O objetivo deste trabalho, para ambas as doenças, é o desenvolvimento de um método de screening, caracterizado por uma abordagem rápida e fiável, usado para guiar a decisão clínica, particularmente na terapêutica. Para a LHON, o método de screening é baseado em PCR em tempo-real com análise de High-Resolution Melting (HRM), para deteção das variantes patogénicas TOP-3, avaliando as Tm dos amplicons. Neste caso, foram analisadas 94 amostras, incluindo doentes com suspeita de LHON, familiares, outros doentes com suspeita de outra doença mitocondrial e controlos saudáveis. Todas as amostras foram previamente classificadas por outro método, tendo sido sujeitas a anonimização antes da realização do trabalho. Para a análise, a PCR em tempo-real foi realizada em triplicados, para permitir uma análise de HRM mais robusta. O software teve a capacidade de classificar amostras como diferentes variantes, ou seja, normal ou mutante. Esta informação foi cruzada com as classificações previamente existentes para avaliar o sucesso da classificação pelo software. As amostras foram corretamente classificadas. Esta abordagem fornece resultados de forma rápida, podendo guiar a ação clínica em tempo útil. A presença de outros polimorfismos nos amplicons poderão obstruir a robustez dos resultados fornecidos por esta técnica e o seu efeito na classificação de variantes precisa de ser considerado. Por esta razão, foi realizada uma análise de previsão in-silico, considerando a presença de todas as variantes descritas. Nesse sentido, pode ser necessário um método complementar de análise para assegurar a especificidade dos resultados. Para a Surdez mitocondrial não-sindrómica, o método de screening baseou-se também na PCR em tempo-real, mas foi realizada com primers de Amplification-Refractory mutation system (ARMS), desenhados para as variantes de sequência patogénicas associadas à MNSHL induzida por aminoglicosídeos, previamente descritas na literatura para esta doença. A discriminação de resultados foi feita com base na presença/ausência de amplificação para cada variante. Foram analisadas 32 amostras com esta abordagem, incluindo doentes com suspeita de MNSHL, seus familiares, doentes com suspeita de outra doença mitocondrial e controlos saudáveis, mas apenas foram obtidos resultados em tempo útil para a m.1555A>G. Todas as amostras tinham sido previamente classificadas por outro método, tendo sido anonimizadas antes da realização do trabalho. Para a otimização, a PCR em tempo-real foi realizada em duplicados, aumentando a robustez da análise. O software de tempo-real mostrou quais as amostras que amplificaram como normais ou mutantes, permitindo a classificação das mesmas. Os dados foram comparados com as classificações previamente conhecidas, para avaliar o sucesso da abordagem em estudo. Todas as amostras em análise foram corretamente identificadas. No entanto, duas das três variantes patogénicas não foram implementadas em tempo útil para inclusão neste trabalho. Para a m.1494C>T e a m.7445A>G, a otimização não foi possível, e será necessário trabalho adicional no futuro, para a implementação da análise destas variantes. Em conclusão, foi possível implementar um método da análise das variantes genéticas TOP-3 da LHON em 24h, o que representa um grande passo na medicina de precisão para diagnóstico desta doença. Por outro lado, apesar de não ter sido concluída a implementação, iniciou-se uma abordagem semelhante para a MNSHL – que, quando for concluída, terá um enorme impacto para evitar a perda auditiva por exposição a aminoglicosídeos. Este trabalho representa uma contribuição científica de alto impacto na investigação translacional reversa.O Laboratório de Biomedicina Mitocondrial e Teranóstica recebeu apoio financeiro da Santhera Pharmaceuticals que permitiu implementação do projeto nacional “Investigação Translacional Epidemiológica, Bigenómica e Funcional nas Atrofias Ópticas” (IP Professora Doutora Manuela Grazina). Apoio financeiro do CNC.IBILI no âmbito do Plano Estratégico UID/NEU/04539/2019.Mestrado em Biologia Aplicad
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