1,190,868 research outputs found

    COLLECTIVE ACTION AND INFORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF ROTATING AND SAVINGS CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS (ROSCAS) IN SENEGAL

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    This study analyzes how rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs) in Senegal were able to overcome the collective action dilemma, maintain institutional performance, and remain sustainable over time. This study models cooperation among members as well as the performance and sustainability of associations using data collected from field research conducted in Dakar, Senegal in 2001. The results show that factors such as homogeneity of individuals within an association, how long the association has existed, how defaults are covered, and rules such residency requirements, individual contributions, and rotation order are to various degree critical to the performance and sustainability of ROSCAs and to the fostering of cooperation among members of these associations.Financial Economics,

    Dances with Nonlawyers: A New Perspective on Law Firm Diversification

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    In this Article, Professor Munneke continues the debate over ethical rules governing lawyers\u27 professional affiliations with nonlawyers, arguing in favor of the adoption of uniform rules that regulate lawyers\u27 conduct in the context of specific ethical issues, such as confidentiality and conflicrs of interest. In Professor Munneke\u27s view, the retention of ethical rules that prohibit law firm diversification impedes the ability of lawyers to compete effectively in today\u27s rapidly changing marketplace of professional services. Professor Munneke moreover questions whether state bar association rules that prohibit law firm diversification are capable of withstanding judicial scrutiny under the federal antitrust laws and the First Amendment. According to Professor Munneke, a substantial question exists as to whether the state action exemption should apply to shield these rules from antitrust attack. Professor Munneke further asserts that First Amendment theories of freedom of association and commercial speech may impel less restrictive alternatives to the current regulatory scheme

    MINING FOOD TRANSACTIONAL DATA TO PRODUCE ASSOCIATION RULES AS A BASIS OF BUSINESS ACTIONS

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    ABSTRAKSI: The food industry sells a range of product variations. The company wants to take advantage of their data by building business action from high volumes of transactional data. In this case, data mining technology needs to be implemented to explore valuable information on transactional data to assess customer\u27s preferences to products as a business strategy.Information about the customers’ behaviors of buying food products is important and this can be done by mapping the transaction data which is described as the pattern of customers’ tastes. The association method using apriori algorithm is used to map customers’ choice.The challenge is in the data itself, high volumes of data have to be prepared before the data is fetched to the mining process. Data reduction will be held to handle huge instances and attributes of the data. This research focused on the way the data were handled until the association rules were developed. To achieve this objective, three validation levels were implemented to verify the reliability of the association rules shows by percentage confidence.Furthermore, some data mining technique such as: clustering and time series pattern will be implemented to examine the truth of association rules which were built.It can be concluded that the association rules were established after three validation levels on reduced high volumes of transactional data, will generate strong association rules with confidence equal or higher than 70% and the rules established truth can be seen from the time series pattern on each group of goods which are then used as the basis of business actions.Kata Kunci : Data Reduction, Association Rules, Apriori, Confidence, Clustering, Time Series PatternsABSTRACT: -Keyword:

    Private Actions under the Suitability and Supervision Duties of Exchange and Dealer Association Rules: The Fraud Requirement

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    A number of courts have implied private causes of action against securities broker-dealers for their breach of the supervision and suitability duties imposed by the self-regulatory rules of the New York Stock Exchange and the National Association of Securities Dealers. The prevailing view denies recovery in the absence of conduct tantamount to fraud. In examining the development of the fraud requirement, the author distinguishes Rule 10b-5 actions and contends that such a strict curtailment of actions brought under self-regulatory rules is not compelled by clear judicial precedent or by legislative purpose

    Automatic Finding Trapezoidal Membership Functions in Mining Fuzzy Association Rules Based on Learning Automata

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    Association rule mining is an important data mining technique used for discovering relationships among all data items. Membership functions have a significant impact on the outcome of the mining association rules. An important challenge in fuzzy association rule mining is finding an appropriate membership functions, which is an optimization issue. In the most relevant studies of fuzzy association rule mining, only triangle membership functions are considered. This study, as the first attempt, used a team of continuous action-set learning automata (CALA) to find both the appropriate number and positions of trapezoidal membership functions (TMFs). The spreads and centers of the TMFs were taken into account as parameters for the research space and a new approach for the establishment of a CALA team to optimize these parameters was introduced. Additionally, to increase the convergence speed of the proposed approach and remove bad shapes of membership functions, a new heuristic approach has been proposed. Experiments on two real data sets showed that the proposed algorithm improves the efficiency of the extracted rules by finding optimized membership functions

    The Paragraph 20 Paradox: An Evaluation of the Enforcement of Ethical Rules as Substantive Law

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    Paragraph 20 in the Scope section of the American Bar Association (ABA) Model Rules of Professional Conduct (Model Rules)-which most states have adopted-provides that a violation of the Model Rules should not give rise to a cause of action against a lawyer[,] nor should it create any presumption in such a case that a legal duty has been breached. At the same time, Paragraph 20 provides that the Model Rules can be used as evidence of breach of a lawyer\u27s standard of conduct. Thus, the Model Rules attempt to make it clear that ethical violations are distinct from substantive law while at the same time acknowledging that they do play some role in substantive disputes. As the cases mentioned indicate, courts struggle with how to handle the interaction of ethical prohibitions and substantive law. This Article addresses this Paragraph 20 paradox faced by courts (and lawyers)

    The Penn State Consent Decree : The NCAA\u27s Coercive Means Don\u27t Justify Its Laudable Ends, but is There a Legal Remedy?

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    In a July 23, 2012 Consent Decree, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), acting through its Executive Committee and President Mark Emmert, imposed unprecedented sanctions on Pennsylvania State University (Penn State). This action apparently was taken in an effort to convincingly demonstrate presidential control of intercollegiate athletics after recent widely reported scandals involving violations of NCAA amateurism, academic integrity, and ethical conduct rules by persons associated with high-profile intercollegiate football programs. This unprecedented use of de facto best interests power to punish a member university for individual criminal activity and institutional misconduct which traditionally has not been disciplined by the NCAA and which was unilaterally imposed outside of its customary rules enforcement and disciplinary procedures violated Penn State\u27s contractual due process rights and private association law as well as possibly federal antitrust law and state common law restraint of trade laws

    The Penn State Consent Decree : The NCAA\u27s Coercive Means Don\u27t Justify Its Laudable Ends, but is There a Legal Remedy?

    Get PDF
    In a July 23, 2012 Consent Decree, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), acting through its Executive Committee and President Mark Emmert, imposed unprecedented sanctions on Pennsylvania State University (Penn State). This action apparently was taken in an effort to convincingly demonstrate presidential control of intercollegiate athletics after recent widely reported scandals involving violations of NCAA amateurism, academic integrity, and ethical conduct rules by persons associated with high-profile intercollegiate football programs. This unprecedented use of de facto best interests power to punish a member university for individual criminal activity and institutional misconduct which traditionally has not been disciplined by the NCAA and which was unilaterally imposed outside of its customary rules enforcement and disciplinary procedures violated Penn State\u27s contractual due process rights and private association law as well as possibly federal antitrust law and state common law restraint of trade laws

    Application of Text Message Held in Image Using Combination of Least Significant Bit Method and One Time Pad

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    Stenography and security are one of the techniques to develop art in securing data. Stenography has the most important aspect is the level of security in data hiding, which makes the third party unable to detect some information that has been secured. Usually used to hide textinformationThe (LSB) algorithm is one of the basic algorithms proposed by Arawak and Giant in 1994 to determine the frequent item set for Boolean association rules. A priory algorithm includes the type of association rules in data mining. The rule that states associations between attributes are often called affinity analysis or market basket analysis. OTP can be widely used in business. With the knowledge of text message, concealment techniques will make it easier for companies to know the number of frequencies of sales data, making it easier for companies to take an appropriate transaction action. The results of this study, hide the text message on the image (image) by using a combination of LSB and Otp methods
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