Characterization of novel cellulase and glucose isomerase-producing bacteria and optimization of the enzyme production conditions and their potential applications in environment and industry

Cellulases and glucose isomerases are vital enzymes in converting cellulose into fructose. Cellulases catalyze cellulose conversion to glucose, while glucose isomerase catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose to fructose. There is a growing interest lately in producing bio-based chemicals and materials from fructose. Soil bacteria produce these enzymes. The characterization of bacteria for enzyme saccharification of biomass is essential for fructose production and reducing the time and cost of current bioconversion processes. From this perspective, we characterized novel cellulase and glucose isomerase-producing bacteria from soil samples and optimize their enzyme production. Coculturing and whole-cell immobilization for glucose isomerase and bacterial resistance to environmental factors were also investigated. Six bacterial strains, Paenarthrobacter sp. MKAL1, Hymenobacter sp. MKAL2, Mycobacterium sp. MKAL3, Stenotrophomonas sp. MKAL4, Chryseobacterium sp. MKAL5 and Bacillus sp. MKAL6 were isolated from mixture soil samples collected at Kingfisher Lake and the University of Manitoba campus and identified using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Using plate assay techniques, these strains were selected for cellulase and glucose isomerase production based on the clearance zone appearance. These strains displayed various morphological and biochemical characteristics. [...

AN EXAMINATION OF HYDROXYL RADICAL: OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE OXIDATIVE CAPACITY OF THE TROPOSPHERE THROUGH EMPIRICAL, BOX, AND GLOBAL MODELING APPROACHES

Hydroxyl radical (OH) is the primary oxidant in the troposphere, initiating the removal of numerous atmospheric species including greenhouse gases, pollutants that are detrimental to human health, and ozone-depleting substances. Because of the complexity of OH chemistry, models vary widely in their OH chemistry schemes and resulting methane (CH4) lifetimes. The current state of knowledge concerning global OH abundances is often contradictory. This body of work encompasses three projects that investigate tropospheric OH from a modeling perspective, with the goal of improving the tropospheric community’s knowledge of the atmospheric lifetime of CH4. First, measurements taken during the airborne CONvective TRansport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) field campaign are used to evaluate OH in global models. A box model constrained to measured variables is utilized to infer concentrations of OH along the flight track. Results are used to evaluate global model performance, suggest against the existence of a proposed “OH Hole” in the tropical Western Pacific, and investigate implications of high O3/low H2O filaments on chemical transport to the stratosphere. While methyl chloroform-based estimates of global mean OH suggest that models are overestimating OH, we report evidence that these models are actually underestimating OH in the tropical Western Pacific. The second project examines OH within global models to diagnose differences in CH4 lifetime. I developed an approach to quantify the roles of OH precursor field differences (O3, H2O, CO, NOx, etc.) using a neural network method. This technique enables us to approximate the change in CH4 lifetime resulting from variations in individual precursor fields. The dominant factors driving CH4 lifetime differences between models are O3, CO, and J(O3-O1D). My third project evaluates the effect of climate change on global fields of OH using an empirical model. Observations of H2O and O3 from satellite instruments are combined with a simulation of tropical expansion to derive changes in global mean OH over the past 25 years. We find that increasing H2O and increasing width of the tropics tend to increase global mean OH, countering the increasing CH4 sink and resulting in well-buffered global tropospheric OH concentrations

Quantum biology: an update and perspective

This is the final version. Available from MDPI via the DOI in this record. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.Understanding the rules of life is one of the most important scientific endeavours and has revolutionised both biology and biotechnology. Remarkable advances in observation tech-niques allow us to investigate a broad range of complex and dynamic biological processes in which living systems could exploit quantum behaviour to enhance and regulate biological functions. Recent evidence suggests that these non-trivial quantum mechanical effects may play a crucial role in maintaining the non-equilibrium state of biomolecular systems. Quantum biology is the study of such quantum aspects of living systems. In this review, we summarise the latest progress in quantum biology, including the areas of enzyme-catalysed reactions, photosynthesis, spin-dependent reactions, DNA, fluorescent proteins, and ion channels. Many of these results are expected to be fundamental building blocks towards understanding the rules of life.Leverhulme Trus

Development of porous solid acid catalysts for lignocellulose and plastic upcycling.

My goal is to develop chemical processes for transforming waste to solve environmental problems and enhance sustainability. Environmental problems such as pollution and massive amounts of waste are the main drivers that stimulate my research ideas. I focused on creating novel, efficient catalytic processes for converting polymeric waste feedstocks into high-value chemicals by integrating my expertise in catalysis, materials science, and synthetic chemistry to develop porous solid catalytic materials. During my Ph.D., I focused on two polymeric feedstocks, lignocellulose, and discarded plastic. Early in my Ph.D. journey, I focused on catalytic upcycling of lignocellulose. Lignocellulosic biomass is cost-effective, abundant, and renewable. Upcycling lignocellulose into renewable fuels and chemicals has the potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, mitigate global warming, and promote a sustainable bioeconomy. The major challenge in upcycling lignocellulose is the active, selective, and reusable catalysts. I developed porous solid acid catalysts by solvothermal techniques and tuned their catalytic performance through surface modifications to upcycle these lignocellulose samples. Later part of my Ph.D. tenure, I continued to use my understanding of lignocellulose polymer and catalysis to upcycle synthetic polymers (discarded plastic). Global plastic production creates more than 400 million metric tons of plastic per year. Polyolefins account for \u3e60% of global plastic consumption. Unfortunately, most plastics are discarded in landfills, and they pollute waterways and food chains, negatively affecting human health and the environment. In addition, most plastics are inert and designed to last a lifetime. As a result, discarded plastic ends up in landfills, pollutes waterways, and negatively affects the environment and health. The ability to upcycle plastic will mitigate plastic pollution and support a circular economy, thereby providing a financial incentive for industries to upcycle plastics instead of sending them to landfills. I divided this dissertation into nine chapters to provide a guide in designing catalytic systems for upcycling lignocellulose and discarded plastic. Chapter One gives the background on lignocellulose and plastic and catalysis. I briefly discussed the aim and scope of this dissertation. Chapter Two explores the surface modification techniques of zeolites by organic surfactants and applies them for efficient glycerol conversion to solketal. Chapters Three, Four, Five, and Six discuss how tuning properties and structural modification of MOFs enhanced the acidity and catalytic performance. Chapter Seven combines experimental results and computational study to elucidate how Hf- and Zr-containing MOFs activate biomass-derived carbonyl compounds during transfer hydrogenation reaction. Chapters Eight and Nine detail upcycling approaches for plastic Brønsted acid sites. Chapter Eight shows the development of the novel solid Brønsted acidic catalysts by sulfonating polypropylene for esterification of lignocellulose-derived levulinic acid. This work allowed me to translate my knowledge in lignocellulose conversion to plastic upcycling. Chapter Nine explores the use of plastic-derived Brønsted acidic catalysts for the conversion of different biomass-derived compounds and elucidates the reaction pathways for efficient conversion. Overall, the development of porous solid acid catalysts for lignocellulose and plastic upcycling will provide promising solutions to transition our society toward a circular economy

Environmental Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and interactions with Climate Change: 2022 Assessment Report

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was established 35 years ago following the 1985 Vienna Convention for protection of the environment and human health against excessive amounts of harmful ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280-315 nm) radiation reaching the Earth’s surface due to a reduced UV-B-absorbing ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol, ratified globally by all 198 Parties (countries), controls ca 100 ozone-depleting substances (ODS). These substances have been used in many applications, such as in refrigerants, air conditioners, aerosol propellants, fumigants against pests, fire extinguishers, and foam materials. The Montreal Protocol has phased out nearly 99% of ODS, including ODS with high global warming potentials such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), thus serving a dual purpose. However, some of the replacements for ODS also have high global warming potentials, for example, the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Several of these replacements have been added to the substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol. The HFCs are now being phased down under the Kigali Amendment. As of December 2022, 145 countries have signed the Kigali Amendment, exemplifying key additional outcomes of the Montreal Protocol, namely, that of also curbing climate warming and stimulating innovations to increase energy efficiency of cooling equipment used industrially as well as domestically. As the concentrations of ODS decline in the upper atmosphere, the stratospheric ozone layer is projected to recover to pre-1980 levels by the middle of the 21st century, assuming full compliance with the control measures of the Montreal Protocol. However, in the coming decades, the ozone layer will be increasingly influenced by emissions of greenhouse gases and ensuing global warming. These trends are highly likely to modify the amount of UV radiation reaching the Earth\u27s surface with implications for the effects on ecosystems and human health. Against this background, four Panels of experts were established in 1988 to support and advise the Parties to the Montreal Protocol with up-to-date information to facilitate decisions for protecting the stratospheric ozone layer. In 1990 the four Panels were consolidated into three, the Scientific Assessment Panel, the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, and the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel. Every four years, each of the Panels provides their Quadrennial Assessments as well as a Synthesis Report that summarises the key findings of all the Panels. In the in-between years leading up to the quadrennial, the Panels continue to inform the Parties to the Montreal Protocol of new scientific information

Sewage sludge heavy metal analysis and agricultural prospects for Fiji

Insoluble residues produced in Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTP) as by products are known as sewage sludge (SS). Land application of SS, particularly in agricultural lands, is becoming an alternative disposal method in Fiji. However, currently there is no legislative framework governing its use. SS together with its high nutrient and organic matter contents, constitutes some undesired pollutants such as heavy metals, which may limit its extensive use. The focus of this study therefore was to determine the total concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni and Mn in the SS produced at the Kinoya WWTP (Fiji) and in the non-fertile soil amended with the SS at 20, 40, 60, 80% application rates and in the control (100% Soil). The bioavailable heavy metals were also determined as it depicts the true extent of metal contamination. The treatment mixtures were then used to cultivate cabbage plants in which the total heavy metal uptake was investigated. Total Zn (695.6 mg/kg) was present in the highest amounts in the 100% SS (control), followed by Pb (370.9 mg/kg), Mn (35.0 mg/kg), Cu (65.5 mg/kg), Cr (20.5 mg/kg) and finally Cd (13.5 mg/kg) and hence a similar trend was seen in all treatment mixtures. The potential mobility of sludgeborne heavy metals can be classified as Ni > Cu > Cd > Zn > Mn > Cr > Pb. Total metal uptake in plant leaves and stems showed only the bioavailable metals Cu, Cd, Zn and Mn, with maximum uptake occurring in the leaves. Ni, despite being highly mobile was not detected, due to minute concentrations in the SS treatments. Optimum growth occurred in the 20 and 40% SS treatments. However maximum Cu and Mn uptake occurred in the 40% SS treatment thereby making the 20% treatment the most feasible. Furthermore the total and bioavailable metal concentrations observed were within the safe and permitted limits of the EEC and USEPA legislations

Impact du diabète et de l'obésité sur la pathologie Tau dans la maladie d'Alzheimer

La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est la démence la plus répandue dans le monde. Les deux marqueurs histopathologiques de la MA sont les plaques amyloïdes, formées d'agrégats du peptide bêta-amyloïde, et les enchevêtrements neurofibrillaires, composés de la protéine Tau anormalement hyperphosphorylée. La pathologie Tau a un rôle important dans la maladie puisque son étendue corrèle avec le degré du déficit cognitif des patients. La majorité des cas de MA est d’origine sporadique dont les causes demeurent encore méconnues; elles semblent être multifactorielles, avec des facteurs externes, biologiques et/ou génétiques qui accélèrent la manifestation de la maladie. Des études épidémiologiques ont démontré que le statut métabolique des individus au cours de leur vie influence le risque de MA. En effet, des altérations métaboliques comme un diabète de type 2 (DT2) ou une obésité sont reconnus comme facteurs de risque de la MA. Or, le nombre de cas de DT2 et d’obésité est en pleine croissance à cause de la sédentarisation des populations, ce qui suggère que l’incidence de la MA pourrait suivre cette inquiétante augmentation. Il est donc indispensable de mieux comprendre l’impact de ces altérations métaboliques sur la MA afin d’espérer ralentir son évolution. De nombreuses études ont évalué l’impact du DT2 et de l’obésité sur la pathologie amyloïde in vivo, mais les études sur la pathogenèse de Tau sont plus rares et présentent une importante divergence des résultats. Dans ce contexte, notre hypothèse est que le diabète et de l’obésité peuvent promouvoir la pathologie Tau in vivo. Notre 1e objectif était donc d’examiner la phosphorylation de la protéine Tau dans deux modèles murins qui développent spontanément une obésité et un DT2 : les souris ob/ob et db/db. Une hyperphosphorylation de Tau est observée dans le cerveau des deux modèles, principalement due à une hypothermie. En effet, ces souris sont hypothermiques et la normothermie restaure une phosphorylation de Tau semblable aux souris contrôles. Comme la caféine s'est révélée bénéfique pour le diabète, l'obésité et la phosphorylation de Tau, nous l'avons utilisé comme traitement thérapeutique chez les souris ob/ob. Cependant, la consommation de caféine chronique a exacerbé l'hyperphosphorylation de Tau en favorisant une hypothermie plus profonde. Notre 2e objectif était d’évaluer l’impact du DT2 et de l’obésité sur pathogenèse de Tau dans des conditions plus proches de la pathologie humaine. Pour cela, nous avons nourri des souris hTau, exprimant la protéine Tau humaine, avec des régimes riches en graisses, cholestérol et/ou sucre, reconnus pour induire l’obésité et le DT2 chez l’humain. D'autre part, la restriction calorique et l'exercice physique ont été caractérisés pour réduire l'incidence et l’évolution des troubles métaboliques ainsi que la MA. Nous avons évalué leur impact sur la pathologie Tau chez ces souris obèses comme stratégies thérapeutiques. Nous n'avons trouvé aucun effet du gras, du sucre et du cholestérol, même combinés, sur la phosphorylation, l'O-GlcNAcylation, l'épissage, le clivage et l'agrégation de Tau, suggérant que leur surconsommation n’aggrave pas la pathologie Tau chez ces souris. De plus, nous avons observé un effet bénéfique de l'exercice sur la phosphorylation Tau et un effet délétère de la restriction calorique sur l'agrégation de Tau chez les souris hTau obèses. Enfin, notre 3e objectif était d’explorer les effets d’une déficience en insuline sur la pathologie Tau chez les souris hTau par injection de streptozotocine, une toxine qui détruit les cellules productrices d'insuline. Les souris hypoinsulinémiques présentent une hyperphosphorylation de Tau dans le cerveau sans agrégation, par inhibition de PP2A, la phosphatase majeur de Tau. L’ensemble de ces résultats suggère que i) les perturbations métaboliques peuvent induire l'hyperphosphorylation de Tau de manière indirecte, en perturbant la thermorégulation; ii) les régimes hypercaloriques ne semblent pas modifier l'homéostasie de Tau en conditions strictement contrôlées; iii) la déficience en insuline peut induire l'hyperphosphorylation de Tau sans pour autant conduire à son agrégation. Nous révélons également que les stratégies utilisées pour réduire la MA doivent être adapté avec le statut métabolique des patients pour éviter l'exacerbation des diverses neuropathologies de la MA. Ces données se confrontent à certains travaux publiés et montrent que les relations entre le métabolisme et la MA peuvent être moins directes que pensées. Ce travail pose des bases de rigueur et de méthodologie qui pourrait contribuer à éviter certains biais pour les études futures.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading form of dementia worldwide. The two histopathological markers of AD are senile plaques composed of amyloid- peptide, and neurofibrillary tangles of abnormally hyperphosphorylated Tau protein. Tau pathology is important since it correlates with the degree of cognitive impairment in AD patients. The majority of AD cases are of sporadic form whose causes are still unknown; it seems to be multifactorial, with external, biological and/or genetic, which accelerate the manifestation of the disease. Epidemiological studies have shown that metabolic status of individuals during their life strongly increases the risk of developing AD. Indeed, metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) or obesity are described as risk factors for AD. New cases of T2D and obesity is increasing because of people sedentarization, suggesting that the incidence of AD cases could follow this worrying growth. Therefore, it is essential to better understand the impact of these metabolic disorders on AD. Many studies have evaluated the impact of T2D and obesity in vivo on amyloid pathology, but there are fewer studies on the pathogenesis of Tau and they exhibit some discrepencies between results. In this context, our hypothesis is that diabetes and obesity could promote Tau pathology in vivo. Our first aim was thus to evaluate the phosphorylation of Tau protein in two mouse models that spontaneously develop obesity and DT2: the ob/ob and db/db mice. Significant hyperphosphorylation of Tau was observed in the brain of these two models, mainly due to hypothermia. Indeed, ob/ob and db/db mice were hypothermic and normothermia restored Tau phosphorylation similar to control levels. As caffeine has been shown to be beneficial for diabetes, obesity and Tau phosphorylation, we used it as a therapeutic treatment in ob/ob mice. Unexpectedly, chronic caffeine consumption exacerbated Tau hyperphosphorylation in ob/ob mice by promoting deeper hypothermia. Then, our second aim was to assess the impact of T2D and obesity on Tau pathogenesis in conditions closer to human pathology. For this purpose, we fed hTau mice, expressing the human Tau protein, with high-fat, high-cholesterol and/or high-sugar diets, described to induce obesity and DT2 in humans. On the other hand, caloric restriction and physical activity have been characterized to reduce the incidence and outcome of metabolic disorders as well as AD. We evaluated their impact on Tau pathology in obese hTau mice as therapeutic strategies. Surprisingly, we found no effect of fat, sugar and cholesterol, even combined, on Tau phosphorylation, O-GlcNAcylation, splicing, cleavage and aggregation, suggesting that their overconsumption does not worsen Tau pathology in these mice. Moreover, we observed a beneficial effect of exercise on Tau phosphorylation and a deleterious effect of caloric restriction on Tau aggregation in obese hTau mice. Finally, our last aim was to examin the effects of insulin deficiency on Tau pathology in hTau mice using streptozotocin injection, a toxin that destroys insulin producing cells. Hypoinsulinemic mice exhibited Tau hyperphosphorylation in the brain without aggregation through inhibition of PP2A, the main Tau phosphatase. All these results suggest that i) metabolic alterations can induce Tau hyperphosphorylation indirectly, by disrupting thermoregulation; ii) hypercaloric diets do not appear to modify Tau homeostasis under strictly controlled conditions; iii) insulin deficiency may induce Tau hyperphosphorylation without, however, leading to its aggregation. We also revealed that the strategies used to reduce AD have to be adapted to the meatbolic status of patients to avoid the exacerbation of some neuropathologies of AD. These data object to some published research and show that the relationship between metabolism and AD may be less direct than thought. This work establishes a basis of rigor and methodology, which could help to avoid some biases for future studies

SYSTEMATIC DEVELOPMENT OF FORMULATIONS SUITABLE FOR PULMONARY APPLICATIONS BY NEBULISATION

In this work, we investigated the solubility enhancement of 3 water insoluble drugs by using cyclodextrins in two pharmaceutical delivery forms: Solutions and Suspensions. A preliminary conclusion was that through the use of cyclodextrins it was possible to increase the solubility of the 3 water insoluble drugs, Cyclosporin A, Azithromycin and Budesonide. In addition,all the formulations were stable and suitable to be nebulised using the intended eflow device.It was also an objective of this work the elaboration of a systematic pathway for the development of formulations suitable for nebulisation. Based on the knowledge collect during this work, a database system was built as an aid tool for the pharmaceutical formulation development process. In conclusion, it was able to increase the solubility/stability and also to taste mask formulations containing both water insoluble and water soluble drugs. This opens new possibilities to the pulmonary delivery as an alternative non-invasive method of delivering drugs that currently can only be delivered orally or intravenously