11 research outputs found

    Review of low-cost sensors for the ambient air monitoring of benzene and other volatile organic compounds

    Get PDF
    This report presents a literature review of the state of the art of sensor based monitoring of air quality of benzene and other volatile organic compounds. Combined with information provided by stakeholders, manufacturers and literature, the review considered commercially available sensors, including, PID based sensors, semiconductor (resistive gas sensor) and portable on-line measuring devices (sensor arrays). The bibliographic collection includes the following topics: sensor description, field of application in fixed, mobile, indoor and ambient air monitoring, range of concentration levels and limit of detection in air, model descriptions of the phenomena involved in the sensor detection process, gaseous interference selectivity of sensors in complex VOC matrix, validation data in lab experiments and under field conditions.JRC.C.5-Air and Climat

    Water Responsive Mechano-adaptive Elastomer Composites based on Active Filler Morphology

    Get PDF
    Mechanically adaptable elastomer composites are a class of stimuli responsive polymer composites which can reversibly change its mechanical properties when it comes in contact with stimuli like electric field, light, water, solvents, ions and others. Mechanically adaptable composites are mainly inspired from the sea cucumber dermis which has the ability to change the stiffness of its dermis rapidly and reversibly (connecting tissue) when it is immersed in water. In this work, efforts have been made to develop mechano-adaptive elastomer composites using water as stimuli. In such a case, elastomer composite should absorb water significantly, in order to respond quickly to the stimuli. Therefore, as a first step, stable and repeatable water swellable elastomer composites have been developed by blending epichlorohydrin terpolymer (GECO) with an ethylene oxide based hydrophilic polymer resin (GEPO). Two different approaches have been thereafter explored to develop mechano-adapative composites based on the developed water swellable elastomer composite. In the first approach, the solid–liquid phase transition of the absorbed water is used to tune mechanical properties around 0 °C. The solidified absorbed water (ice crystals) below 0 °C, acts as reinforcing filler, enhancing the mechanical properties (hard state). The ice crystals liquefy above 0 °C and plasticize the polymer chain, thereby reducing the mechanical properties (soft state). In the second approach, the polymorphic transition of calcium sulphate (CaSO4) in presence of water/heat have been exploited by dispersing it as filler in the developed water swellable elastomer composite. Mechanical adaptability is realized by the reinforcement caused when the composite is exposed to water treatment process. Further, this mechanical strength (reinforcement) can be brought back to its initial soft state (unreinforced state) by the heat treatment process. This reversible reinforcing and non-reinforcing ability of the calcium sulphate filler is attributed to the differences in polymer–filler interaction, due to the in situ morphology transformation (micro to nano) of the filler particles. This study reveals the possibility of utilizing conventional rubber technology in developing mechanically adaptable composites with an easily accessible stimulus like water. The two strategies explored here present huge opportunities in developing future smart materials.:Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General introduction 1 1.2 Aim and motivation of the work 3 1.3 Scope of the work 5 2 Literature review 7 2.1 Mechanically adaptive polymer composites 7 2.1.1 Mechanical adaptability triggered by different stimuli 7 2.1.2 Water induced mechano-adaptive composites 10 2.1.3 Possible future applications of mechanically adaptive systems 14 2.2 Water absorption in elastomer composites 16 2.2.1 Strategies used for developing water swellable elastomer composites 17 2.2.2 States of water present in the polymers 20 2.2.3 Effect of water absorption on the thermal and mechanical properties 22 2.2.4 Kinetics of diffusion of water in the hydrophilic polymers 24 2.2.5 Application of water swellable elastomer composites 25 2.3 Calcium sulphate and its polymorphic transition 26 3 Experimental 30 3.1 Materials 30 3.1.1 Polymers 30 3.1.2 Fillers 31 3.2 Preparation of rubber composites 32 3.2.1 Compounding and mixing 32 3.2.2 Curing study and molding 34 3.3 Characterization 35 3.3.1 Water swelling studies 35 3.3.2 Thermal analysis (DSC and TGA) 36 3.3.3 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) 36 3.3.4 Stress–strain studies 37 3.3.5 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 38 3.3.6 Morphological analysis 39 3.3.7 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 40 3.3.8 Raman spectroscopy 40 4 Results and discussions 42 4.1 Development of novel water swellable elastomer composites based on GECO/GEPO 42 4.1.1 Miscibility of the polymer blend (GECO/GEPO) systems 42 4.1.2 Water absorption behavior of GECO/GEPO blends 49 4.1.3 Effect of water swelling on thermal and mechanical properties 54 4.1.4 Cyclic water swellable characteristics 58 4.2 Thermo-responsive mechano-adaptable composites based on solid–liquid phase transition of absorbed water. 60 4.2.1 Quantitative analysis of in situ formed ice crystals 61 4.2.2 Characterization of the filler (ice crystals) morphology 64 4.2.3 Polymer–filler interaction 68 4.2.4 Mechanical adaptability analysis 71 4.3 Utilization of in situ polymorphic alteration of the filler structure in designing mechanically adaptive elastomer composites 77 4.3.1 Process and conditions for mechanical adaptability 79 4.3.2 Investigation of phase transition characteristics of CaSO4 filler 83 4.3.3 In situ morphology transformation analysis 86 4.3.4 Mechanical adaptability investigations 89 5 Conclusions and outlook 96 5.1 Conclusions 96 5.2 Outlooks 99 6 References 100 7 Appendix 109 8 Abbreviations 111 9 Symbols 114 10 Figures 117 11 Tables 123 12 Publications 124Mechanisch-adaptive Elastomer-Verbundwerkstoffe sind eine Klasse von stimuli-responsiven Polymer-Verbundwerkstoffen, welche ihre mechanischen Eigenschaften reversibel verändern können, wenn sie mit Stimuli, wie z.B. einem elektrischem Feld, Licht, Wasser, Lösungsmitteln oder Ionen angeregt werden. Mechanisch anpassbare Verbundwerkstoffe sind hauptsächlich von der Haut der Seegurke inspiriert, welche in der Lage ist, die Steifigkeit ihrer Dermis (Bindegewebe) beim Eintauchen in Wasser schnell und reversibel zu verändern. Ziel dieser Arbeit war, mechanisch-adaptive Elastomer-Verbundwerkstoffe zu entwickeln, welche Wasser als Stimulus nutzen. Für diese Anwendung sollte das Elastomermaterial Wasser in einer signifikanten Menge aufnehmen können, um schnell auf den externen Reiz zu reagieren. Daher wurden in einem ersten Schritt stabile und reversibel wasserquellbare Elastomerblends hergestellt, indem ein Epichlorhydrin-Terpolymer (GECO) mit einem hydrophilen Polymerharz auf Ethylenoxidbasis (GEPO) verschnitten wurde. In der Folge wurden zwei verschiedene Ansätze zur Entwicklung mechanisch-adaptiver Verbundwerkstoffe auf Basis des so entwickelten wasserquellbaren Elastomerkomposites verfolgt. Beim ersten Ansatz wird der Fest-Flüssig-Phasenübergang des aufgenommenen Wassers genutzt, um die mechanischen Eigenschaften im‚ Bereich von 0 °C einzustellen. Das erstarrte absorbierte Wasser (Eiskristalle) wirkt unter 0 °C als verstärkender Füllstoff und verbessert die mechanischen Eigenschaften (harter Zustand). Die Eiskristalle verflüssigen sich oberhalb von 0 °C und plastifizieren das Polymer, wodurch die mechanische Verstärkung wieder herabgesetzt wird (weicher Zustand). Im zweiten Ansatz wurde der polymorphe Übergang von Calciumsulfat (CaSO4) in Gegenwart von Wasser bzw. Wärme genutzt, indem es als Füllstoff in einem wasserquellbaren Elastomerkomposit dispergiert wurde. Die mechanische Adaptierbarkeit wird durch die mechanische Verstärkung erreicht, welche bei der Wasseraufnahme des Verbundwerkstoffes entsteht. Anschließend kann diese mechanische Festigkeit (Verstärkung) durch eine Wärmebehandlung wieder in ihren ursprünglichen weichen Zustand (unverstärkter Zustand) zurückgeführt werden. Diese reversible Schaltbarkeit der Verstärkungswirkung des Calciumsulfat-Füllstoffes wird auf die Unterschiede in der Polymer-Füllstoff-Wechselwirkung aufgrund der Transformation der in situ-Morphologie (Mikro zu Nano) der Füllstoffpartikel zurückgeführt. Die vorliegende Arbeit verdeutlicht die Möglichkeiten des Einsatzes konventioneller Kautschuktechnologie bei der Entwicklung mechanisch anpassbarer Komposite mit einem leicht zugänglichen Stimulus wie Wasser. Die beiden hier untersuchten Strategien eröffnen enorme Perspektiven bei der Konzeption zukünftiger intelligenter Materialien.:Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General introduction 1 1.2 Aim and motivation of the work 3 1.3 Scope of the work 5 2 Literature review 7 2.1 Mechanically adaptive polymer composites 7 2.1.1 Mechanical adaptability triggered by different stimuli 7 2.1.2 Water induced mechano-adaptive composites 10 2.1.3 Possible future applications of mechanically adaptive systems 14 2.2 Water absorption in elastomer composites 16 2.2.1 Strategies used for developing water swellable elastomer composites 17 2.2.2 States of water present in the polymers 20 2.2.3 Effect of water absorption on the thermal and mechanical properties 22 2.2.4 Kinetics of diffusion of water in the hydrophilic polymers 24 2.2.5 Application of water swellable elastomer composites 25 2.3 Calcium sulphate and its polymorphic transition 26 3 Experimental 30 3.1 Materials 30 3.1.1 Polymers 30 3.1.2 Fillers 31 3.2 Preparation of rubber composites 32 3.2.1 Compounding and mixing 32 3.2.2 Curing study and molding 34 3.3 Characterization 35 3.3.1 Water swelling studies 35 3.3.2 Thermal analysis (DSC and TGA) 36 3.3.3 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) 36 3.3.4 Stress–strain studies 37 3.3.5 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 38 3.3.6 Morphological analysis 39 3.3.7 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 40 3.3.8 Raman spectroscopy 40 4 Results and discussions 42 4.1 Development of novel water swellable elastomer composites based on GECO/GEPO 42 4.1.1 Miscibility of the polymer blend (GECO/GEPO) systems 42 4.1.2 Water absorption behavior of GECO/GEPO blends 49 4.1.3 Effect of water swelling on thermal and mechanical properties 54 4.1.4 Cyclic water swellable characteristics 58 4.2 Thermo-responsive mechano-adaptable composites based on solid–liquid phase transition of absorbed water. 60 4.2.1 Quantitative analysis of in situ formed ice crystals 61 4.2.2 Characterization of the filler (ice crystals) morphology 64 4.2.3 Polymer–filler interaction 68 4.2.4 Mechanical adaptability analysis 71 4.3 Utilization of in situ polymorphic alteration of the filler structure in designing mechanically adaptive elastomer composites 77 4.3.1 Process and conditions for mechanical adaptability 79 4.3.2 Investigation of phase transition characteristics of CaSO4 filler 83 4.3.3 In situ morphology transformation analysis 86 4.3.4 Mechanical adaptability investigations 89 5 Conclusions and outlook 96 5.1 Conclusions 96 5.2 Outlooks 99 6 References 100 7 Appendix 109 8 Abbreviations 111 9 Symbols 114 10 Figures 117 11 Tables 123 12 Publications 12

    Modeling and Simulation of Polymerization Processes

    Get PDF
    This reprint is a compilation of nine papers published in Processes, in a Special Issue on “Modeling and Simulation of Polymerization Processes”. It aimed to address both new findings on basic topics and the modeling of the emerging aspects of product design and polymerization processes. It provides a nice view of the state of the art with regard to the modeling and simulation of polymerization processes. The use of well-established methods (e.g., the method of moments) and relatively more recent modeling approaches (e.g., Monte Carlo stochastic modeling) to describe polymerization processes of long-standing interest in industry (e.g., rubber emulsion polymerization) to polymerization systems of more modern interest (e.g., RDRP and plastic pyrolysis processes) are comprehensively covered in the papers contained in this reprint

    Improving predictions of solvation free energies from non-polarisable models by applying polarisation corrections

    Get PDF
    Classical non-polarisable models, normally based on a combination of Lennard-Jones (LJ) sites and point charges, are extensively used to model thermodynamic properties of fluids. An important shortcoming of this class of models is that they do not explicitly account for polarisation effects - i.e. a description of how the electron density responds to changes in the molecular environment. Instead, polarisation is implicitly included into the parameters of the model, usually by fitting to pure liquid properties (e.g. density). A problem arises when trying to describe thermodynamic properties that involve a change of phase (e.g. enthalpy of vaporisation), solutions/mixtures (e.g. solvation free energies), or properties that directly depend on the electronic response of the medium (e.g. dielectric constant). Fully polarisable models present a natural route for addressing these limitations, but at the price of a much higher computational cost. The main goal of this thesis is to obtain a non-polarisable force field for alcohols, amines and ketones able to predict both pure liquid properties and solvation free energies with a high degree of accuracy through the use of post-facto polarisation corrections. These corrections are applied to the properties computed using the non-polarisable force field in order to account for the effects of polarisation, and thus, increase the model's accuracy while maintaining its computational effciency. This work is part of a larger project which end goal is to predict the solubility of drug molecules (e.g. paracetamol). These molecules usually contain hydroxyl, amino and carbonyl groups, and thus, this thesis focuses on molecules with these functional groups. Aromatic rings are another functional group present in most drug molecules, however, they are not studied here due to time limitations. Alcohols and amines are interesting from a fundamental point of view as they are the simplest molecules that combine a hydrophobic moiety with a hydrogen-bonding functional group. Also, alcohols and ketones are widely used as solvents and amines are used in CO2 adsorption/desorption processes designed to decrease CO2 emissions. The model developed in this thesis is called PolCA, standing for 'Polarisation-Consistent Approach', and it is an extension of the modified TraPPE force field for hydrocarbons proposed by Jorge [1] that eliminates systematic deviations from experimental solvation free energies. The new amino, hydroxyl and carbonyl parameters were fitted to several pure-component experimental properties including the density and enthalpy of vaporisation, and in some cases also self-solvation free energies. The optimization was carried out using meta-models that predict how the simulated properties change with the input parameters, allowing for a better exploration of the force field parameters' space. The PolCA force field for alcohols can accurately predict methanol to decanol's densities, diffusion constants (except for methanol), enthalpies of vaporisation, free energies of self-solvation, dielectric constants and solvation free energies in hexadecane. PolCA also does a very good job at predicting the densities, enthalpies of vaporisation and free energies of self-solvation of linear and branched primary amines, and its predicted solvation free energies of linear primary amines in hexadecane are in very good agreement with experimental data. However, it greatly overpredicts the dielectric constant of methylamine and significantly overpredicts other linear and branched amines' dielectric constants. Furthermore, PolCA can accurately predict the densities, enthalpies of vaporisation, diffusion constants and self-solvation free energies of propanone to 2-decanone (except for butanone and 2-pentanone's densities which are underpredicted), however, it greatly overpredicts ketones' dielectric constants and sovation free energies in hexadecane (more negative values). Lastly, PolCA was used to calculate solvation free energies of amines and ketones in octanol and multifunctional compounds' densities and dielectric constants to test its transferability. Our force field was not able to simultaneously predict solvation free energies in hexadecane and octanol, and thus a re-parameterisation will be carried out in future work using polarisation corrections obtained with more accurate methods. Nonetheless, the results obtained in this work show that the approach proposed here is very promising since they significantly improve agreement with experiment for the dielectric constant and solvation free energies of alcohols and amines in hexadecane.Classical non-polarisable models, normally based on a combination of Lennard-Jones (LJ) sites and point charges, are extensively used to model thermodynamic properties of fluids. An important shortcoming of this class of models is that they do not explicitly account for polarisation effects - i.e. a description of how the electron density responds to changes in the molecular environment. Instead, polarisation is implicitly included into the parameters of the model, usually by fitting to pure liquid properties (e.g. density). A problem arises when trying to describe thermodynamic properties that involve a change of phase (e.g. enthalpy of vaporisation), solutions/mixtures (e.g. solvation free energies), or properties that directly depend on the electronic response of the medium (e.g. dielectric constant). Fully polarisable models present a natural route for addressing these limitations, but at the price of a much higher computational cost. The main goal of this thesis is to obtain a non-polarisable force field for alcohols, amines and ketones able to predict both pure liquid properties and solvation free energies with a high degree of accuracy through the use of post-facto polarisation corrections. These corrections are applied to the properties computed using the non-polarisable force field in order to account for the effects of polarisation, and thus, increase the model's accuracy while maintaining its computational effciency. This work is part of a larger project which end goal is to predict the solubility of drug molecules (e.g. paracetamol). These molecules usually contain hydroxyl, amino and carbonyl groups, and thus, this thesis focuses on molecules with these functional groups. Aromatic rings are another functional group present in most drug molecules, however, they are not studied here due to time limitations. Alcohols and amines are interesting from a fundamental point of view as they are the simplest molecules that combine a hydrophobic moiety with a hydrogen-bonding functional group. Also, alcohols and ketones are widely used as solvents and amines are used in CO2 adsorption/desorption processes designed to decrease CO2 emissions. The model developed in this thesis is called PolCA, standing for 'Polarisation-Consistent Approach', and it is an extension of the modified TraPPE force field for hydrocarbons proposed by Jorge [1] that eliminates systematic deviations from experimental solvation free energies. The new amino, hydroxyl and carbonyl parameters were fitted to several pure-component experimental properties including the density and enthalpy of vaporisation, and in some cases also self-solvation free energies. The optimization was carried out using meta-models that predict how the simulated properties change with the input parameters, allowing for a better exploration of the force field parameters' space. The PolCA force field for alcohols can accurately predict methanol to decanol's densities, diffusion constants (except for methanol), enthalpies of vaporisation, free energies of self-solvation, dielectric constants and solvation free energies in hexadecane. PolCA also does a very good job at predicting the densities, enthalpies of vaporisation and free energies of self-solvation of linear and branched primary amines, and its predicted solvation free energies of linear primary amines in hexadecane are in very good agreement with experimental data. However, it greatly overpredicts the dielectric constant of methylamine and significantly overpredicts other linear and branched amines' dielectric constants. Furthermore, PolCA can accurately predict the densities, enthalpies of vaporisation, diffusion constants and self-solvation free energies of propanone to 2-decanone (except for butanone and 2-pentanone's densities which are underpredicted), however, it greatly overpredicts ketones' dielectric constants and sovation free energies in hexadecane (more negative values). Lastly, PolCA was used to calculate solvation free energies of amines and ketones in octanol and multifunctional compounds' densities and dielectric constants to test its transferability. Our force field was not able to simultaneously predict solvation free energies in hexadecane and octanol, and thus a re-parameterisation will be carried out in future work using polarisation corrections obtained with more accurate methods. Nonetheless, the results obtained in this work show that the approach proposed here is very promising since they significantly improve agreement with experiment for the dielectric constant and solvation free energies of alcohols and amines in hexadecane

    Diffusion of tin from TEC-8 conductive glass into mesoporous titanium dioxide in dye sensitized solar cells

    Get PDF
    The photoanode of a dye sensitized solar cell is typically a mesoporous titanium dioxide thin film adhered to a conductive glass plate. In the case of TEC-8 glass, an approximately 500 nm film of tin oxide provides the conductivity of this substrate. During the calcining step of photoanode fabrication, tin diffuses into the titanium dioxide layer. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Dispersion Microscopy are used to analyze quantitatively the diffusion of tin through the photoanode. At temperatures (400 to 600 °C) and times (30 to 90 min) typically employed in the calcinations of titanium dioxide layers for dye sensitized solar cells, tin is observed to diffuse through several micrometers of the photoanode. The transport of tin is reasonably described using Fick\u27s Law of Diffusion through a semi-infinite medium with a fixed tin concentration at the interface. Numerical modeling allows for extraction of mass transport parameters that will be important in assessing the degree to which tin diffusion influences the performance of dye sensitized solar cells

    Carbon Dioxide Capture from Fuel Gas Streams under Elevated Pressures and Temperatures Using Novel Physical Solvents

    Get PDF
    The conventional processes for acid gas removal (AGR), including CO2 in the Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power generation facilities are: a chemical process, using methyl-diethanolamine (MDEA); a physical process, using chilled methanol (Rectisol) or a physical process, using mixtures of dimethylethers of polyetheleneglycol (Selexol). These conventional processes require cooling of the fuel gas streams for CO2 capture and subsequent reheating before sending to turbines, which decreases the plant thermal efficiency and increases the overall cost. Thus, there is a pressing need for developing an economical process which can capture CO2 from the hot fuel gas stream without significant cooling. The overall objective of this study is to investigate the potential use of physical solvents for selective capture of CO2 from post water-gas-shift streams under relatively elevated pressures and temperatures. In order to achieve this objective, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to define an “ideal solvent” for CO2 capture and to identify six different physical solvents which should obey such a definition. The first physical solvents identified were perfluorocarbons (PFCs), which are known to have low reactivity, high chemical stability and relatively low vapor pressures. Three different PFCs, known as PP10, PP11, and PP25, were selected as potential candidates for CO2 capture. The equilibrium solubilities of CO2 and N2 were measured in these PFCs under different operating conditions up to 30 bar and 500 K. These PFCs have relatively low viscosity at 500 K, very good thermal and chemical stabilities and showed high CO2 solubilities; hence they were considered as “ideal solvents.” The CO2 solubilities in PP25 were found to be greater than in the other two PFCs. Due to its superior behavior, PP25 was selected for the development of a conceptual process for CO2 capture form Pittsburgh No. 8 shifted fuel gas mixture using Aspen Plus simulator. Unfortunately, during the pressure-swing option for solvent regeneration, the solvent loss was significant due to the fact that the boiling point of PP25 is 533 K which is close to the absorber temperature (500 K). Also, other drawbacks of PFCs include, high cost, and absorption of other gases (light hydrocarbons) along with CO2. It was then decided to seek different physical solvents, which have negligible vapor pressure, in addition to the other attractive properties of the “ideal solvent” in order to use in the Aspen Plus simulator. Extensive literature search led to Ionic Liquids (ILs), which are known to have unique properties in addition to extremely low vapor pressures, and therefore they were considered excellent candidates for the CO2 capture from fuel gas streams under elevated pressures and temperatures. Three ILs, namely TEGO IL K5, TEGO IL P9 and TEGO IL P51P, manufactured by Evonik Goldschmidt Chemical Corporation, were selected as potential solvents for CO2 capture. The solubilities of CO2, H2, H2S and N2 were measured in the TEGO IL K5 and the solubilities of CO2 and H2 were measured in the TEGO IL K5 at pressures up to 30 bar and temperatures from 300 to 500 K. Also, the density and viscosity of these three ILs were measured within the same pressure and temperature ranges, and the surface tension for TEGO IL K5 and TEGO IL P51P were measured from 296 to 369 K. Due to their superior performance for CO2 capture, the TEGO IL K5 and the TEGO IL P51P were selected to be used in the Aspen simulator for the conceptual process development. The density and surface tension data for the TEGO IL K5 and the TEGO IL P51P were used in Aspen Plus, employing the Peng-Robinson Equation of state (P-R EOS) to obtain the critical properties of the two ILs; and the measured solubility data were also used to obtain the binary interaction parameters between the shifted gas constituents and two ILs. The Aspen Plus simulator was employed to develop a conceptual process for CO2 capture from a shifted fuel gas stream (102.52 kg/s) generated using Pittsburgh # 8 coal for a 400 MWe power plant. The conceptual process developed consisted mainly of 4 adiabatic absorbers (2.4 m ID) arranged in parallel and packed with Plastic Pall Rings of 0.025 m for CO2 capture; 3 flash drums arranged in series for solvent regeneration using the pressure-swing option; and 2 pressure-intercooling systems for separating and pumping CO2 to the sequestration sites. The compositions of all process steams, CO2 capture efficiency, and net power were calculated using Aspen Plus for each solvent. The results indicated that, based on the composition of the inlet gas stream to the absorbers, 87.6 and 81.42 mol% of CO2 were captured and sent to sequestration sites; and 97.69 and 97. 86 mol% of H2 were separated and sent to turbines using the TEGO IL K5 and the TEGO IL P51P, respectively. Also, the two solvents exhibited minimum loss of 0.06 and 0.17 wt% with a net power balance of -26.44 and -14.72 MW for the TEGO IL K5 and the TEGO IL P51P, respectively. Thus, the TEGO IL K5 could be selected as a physical solvent for CO2 capture from shifted hot fuel gas streams since large quantities of CO2 are absorbed

    A descriptive model for determining optimal human performance in systems. Volume 3 - An approach for determining the optimal role of man and allocation of functions in an aerospace system

    Get PDF
    Optimal role of man in space, allocation of men and machines in aerospace systems, and descriptive model for determining optimal human performanc
    corecore