A Survey on Security and Privacy of 5G Technologies: Potential Solutions, Recent Advancements, and Future Directions

Security has become the primary concern in many telecommunications industries today as risks can have high consequences. Especially, as the core and enable technologies will be associated with 5G network, the confidential information will move at all layers in future wireless systems. Several incidents revealed that the hazard encountered by an infected wireless network, not only affects the security and privacy concerns, but also impedes the complex dynamics of the communications ecosystem. Consequently, the complexity and strength of security attacks have increased in the recent past making the detection or prevention of sabotage a global challenge. From the security and privacy perspectives, this paper presents a comprehensive detail on the core and enabling technologies, which are used to build the 5G security model; network softwarization security, PHY (Physical) layer security and 5G privacy concerns, among others. Additionally, the paper includes discussion on security monitoring and management of 5G networks. This paper also evaluates the related security measures and standards of core 5G technologies by resorting to different standardization bodies and provide a brief overview of 5G standardization security forces. Furthermore, the key projects of international significance, in line with the security concerns of 5G and beyond are also presented. Finally, a future directions and open challenges section has included to encourage future research.European CommissionNational Research Tomsk Polytechnic UniversityUpdate citation details during checkdate report - A

Smart Vehicles, Technologies and Main Applications in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) belong to a subcategory of traditional Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs). The main feature of VANETs is that mobile nodes are vehicles endowed with sophisticated “on-board” equipments, traveling on constrained paths (i.e., roads and lanes), and communicating each other for message exchange via Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication protocols, as well as between vehicles and fixed road-side Access Points (i.e., wireless and cellular network infrastructure), in case of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications. In this chapter we will introduce the state-of-the-art of recent technologies used in vehicular networks, specifically for smart vehicles, which require novel functionalities such as data communications, accurate positioning, control and decision monitoring

Investigation of an intelligent personalised service recommendation system in an IMS based cellular mobile network

Success or failure of future information and communication services in general and mobile communications in particular is greatly dependent on the level of personalisations they can offer. While the provision of anytime, anywhere, anyhow services has been the focus of wireless telecommunications in recent years, personalisation however has gained more and more attention as the unique selling point of mobile devices. Smart phones should be intelligent enough to match user’s unique needs and preferences to provide a truly personalised service tailored for the individual user. In the first part of this thesis, the importance and role of personalisation in future mobile networks is studied. This is followed, by an agent based futuristic user scenario that addresses the provision of rich data services independent of location. Scenario analysis identifies the requirements and challenges to be solved for the realisation of a personalised service. An architecture based on IP Multimedia Subsystem is proposed for mobility and to provide service continuity whilst roaming between two different access standards. Another aspect of personalisation, which is user preference modelling, is investigated in the context of service selection in a multi 3rd party service provider environment. A model is proposed for the automatic acquisition of user preferences to assist in service selection decision-making. User preferences are modelled based on a two-level Bayesian Metanetwork. Personal agents incorporating the proposed model provide answers to preference related queries such as cost, QoS and service provider reputation. This allows users to have their preferences considered automatically

Mobile Networks

The growth in the use of mobile networks has come mainly with the third generation systems and voice traffic. With the current third generation and the arrival of the 4G, the number of mobile users in the world will exceed the number of landlines users. Audio and video streaming have had a significant increase, parallel to the requirements of bandwidth and quality of service demanded by those applications. Mobile networks require that the applications and protocols that have worked successfully in fixed networks can be used with the same level of quality in mobile scenarios. Until the third generation of mobile networks, the need to ensure reliable handovers was still an important issue. On the eve of a new generation of access networks (4G) and increased connectivity between networks of different characteristics commonly called hybrid (satellite, ad-hoc, sensors, wired, WIMAX, LAN, etc.), it is necessary to transfer mechanisms of mobility to future generations of networks. In order to achieve this, it is essential to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of current protocols and the diverse topologies to suit the new mobility conditions

5G Outlook – Innovations and Applications

5G Outlook - Innovations and Applications is a collection of the recent research and development in the area of the Fifth Generation Mobile Technology (5G), the future of wireless communications. Plenty of novel ideas and knowledge of the 5G are presented in this book as well as divers applications from health science to business modeling. The authors of different chapters contributed from various countries and organizations. The chapters have also been presented at the 5th IEEE 5G Summit held in Aalborg on July 1, 2016. The book starts with a comprehensive introduction on 5G and its need and requirement. Then millimeter waves as a promising spectrum to 5G technology is discussed. The book continues with the novel and inspiring ideas for the future wireless communication usage and network. Further, some technical issues in signal processing and network design for 5G are presented. Finally, the book ends up with different applications of 5G in distinct areas. Topics widely covered in this book are: • 5G technology from past to present to the future• Millimeter- waves and their characteristics• Signal processing and network design issues for 5G• Applications, business modeling and several novel ideas for the future of 5

5G Outlook – Innovations and Applications

5G Outlook - Innovations and Applications is a collection of the recent research and development in the area of the Fifth Generation Mobile Technology (5G), the future of wireless communications. Plenty of novel ideas and knowledge of the 5G are presented in this book as well as divers applications from health science to business modeling. The authors of different chapters contributed from various countries and organizations. The chapters have also been presented at the 5th IEEE 5G Summit held in Aalborg on July 1, 2016. The book starts with a comprehensive introduction on 5G and its need and requirement. Then millimeter waves as a promising spectrum to 5G technology is discussed. The book continues with the novel and inspiring ideas for the future wireless communication usage and network. Further, some technical issues in signal processing and network design for 5G are presented. Finally, the book ends up with different applications of 5G in distinct areas. Topics widely covered in this book are: • 5G technology from past to present to the future• Millimeter- waves and their characteristics• Signal processing and network design issues for 5G• Applications, business modeling and several novel ideas for the future of 5

Market Mechanisms Towards Secondary Spectrum Usage

Widespread adoption of smartphones, tablets and other smart devices has resulted in mobile operators (MOs) making a transition from voice to data centric business model. As a consequence there has been an increase in demand for radio spectrum. Spectrum availability in the future can be a cause of concern, the main reason of which is being attributed to the traditional and inflexible approach towards spectrum management. Hence it is required to overhaul the existing spectrum management techniques and adopt those models which aim at higher spectrum utilization. As part of our research methodology we first perform a state-of-the-art review on secondary usage of radio spectrum. We observe that most research assumes a clean slate approach towards the emergence of secondary spectrum markets which are typically designed with an underlying assumption of participating actors being of homogeneous type. In contrast with above we take an evolutionary approach while designing market mechanisms towards heterogeneous secondary usage of spectrum. The evolution of trading markets is reflected in the incremental steps used in our research, i.e. starting from Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11) capacity markets, followed by super Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11af) capacity markets and finally TV White Spaces (TVWS) spectrum leasing markets. We make use of Value Network Configuration (VNC) methodology for illustrating the design of market mechanism and further evaluate the designed mechanism using Agent Based Modeling (ABM). Based on our simulation results we observe that a generic trade-off exist between the length of lease time, trade facilitation cost and the extent of trading activity within the markets. We also observe that there exists an optimal range of lease time for which all the market players find themselves in economically favourable situation. We compare super Wi-Fi capacity markets and TVWS spectrum leasing markets over performance of MOs and TV broadcasters and according to our evaluation local area strategy seems to offer more benefits for TVWS spectrum usage

Study of continuous-phase four-state modulation for cordless telecommunications. Assessment by simulation of CP-QFSK as an alternative modulation scheme for TDMA digital cordless telecommunications systems operating in indoor applications

One of the major driving elements behind the explosive boom in wireless revolution is the advances in the field of modulation which plays a fundamental role in any communication system, and especially in cellular radio systems. Hence, the elaborate choice of an efficient modulation scheme is of paramount importance in the design and employment of any communications system. Work presented in this thesis is an investigation (study) of the feasibility of whether multilevel FSK modulation scheme would provide a viable alternative modem that can be employed in TDMA cordless communications systems. In the thesis the design and performance analysis of a non-coherent multi-level modem that offers a great deal of bandwidth efficiency and hardware simplicity is studied in detail. Simulation results demonstrate that 2RC pre-modulation filter pulse shaping with a modulation index of 0.3, and pre-detection filter normalized equivalent noise bandwidth of 1.5 are optimum system parameter values. Results reported in chapter 5 signify that an adjacent channel rejection factor of around 40 dB has been achieved at channel spacing of 1.5 times the symbol rate while the DECT system standards stipulated a much lower rejection limit criterion (25-30dB), implying that CP-QFSK modulation out-performs the conventional GMSK as it causes significantly less ACI, thus it is more spectrally efficient in a multi-channel system. However, measured system performance in terms of BER indicates that this system does not coexist well with other interferers as at delay spreads between 100ns to 200ns, which are commonly encountered in such indoor environment, a severe degradation in system performance apparently caused by multi-path fading has been noticed, and there exists a noise floor of about 40 dB, i.e. high irreducible error rate of less than 5.10-3. Implementing MRC diversity combiner and BCH codec has brought in a good gain.Higher Education Ministr

Contributing to the pathway towards 5G experimentation with an SDN-controlled network box

Καθώς η απαίτηση σε ευρυζωνικές υπηρεσίες κινητών επικοινωνιών αυξάνεται ραγδαία, τα υπάρχοντα δίκτυα κινητών επικοινωνιών πλησιάζουν τα όριά τους κάνοντας επιτακτική την ανάγκη εξέλιξής τους η οποία θα επέλθει με την τεχνολογική άφιξη της επόμενης γενιάς κινητών επικοινωνιών, ευρέως γνωστής ως 5G. Το 5G μεταφέρει όλες εκείνες τις δυνατότητες οι οποίες είναι απαραίτητες για να καλυφθούν οι συνεχώς αυξανόμενες ανάγκες σε ευρυζωνικές υπηρεσίες, να υποστηρίξουν το Internet of Things καθώς και να ενοποιήσουν ετερογενείς υπηρεσίες σε διαφορετικές βιομηχανίες. Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία στοχεύει να παρουσιάσει το “Network in a box”, ένα καινοτόμο εργαλείο που αναπτύξαμε στο εργαστήριο, το οποίο βασίζεται επάνω στους θεμέλιους λίθους του 5G, το SDN και το NFV. Με το SDN να είναι η νέα προσέγγιση στα δίκτυα κινητών επικοινωνιών, ο έλεγχος διαχωρίζεται από τα δεδομένα παρέχοντας τη δυνατότητα οποιεσδήποτε αποφάσεις ελέγχου, να λαμβάνονται κεντρικά, μετατρέποντας έτσι τις κλασικές δικτυακές συσκευές σε απλά προωθητικά στοιχεία του δικτύου. Η συγκεκριμένη διάταξη μιμείται ένα πραγματικό δίκτυο, το οποίο διαθέτει δυνατότητες αυτο-οργάνωσης και αυτο-βελτίωσης, προσομοιώνοντας τη λειτουργία του 5G δικτύου. Το συγκεκριμένο εργαλείο είναι επίσης ικανό να παράσχει KPI μετρικές του 5G δικτύου κάτω από πραγματικές συνθήκες ενόσω αληθινές δικτυακές συσκευές είναι συνδεδεμένες σε αυτό. Η δομή της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας αναλύεται σε πέντε κεφάλαια. Το πρώτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζει τις προκλήσεις που σύντομα θα κληθούν να αντιμετωπίσουν τα δίκτυα κινητών επικοινωνιών και πώς αυτές μπορούν να καλυφθούν με την τεχνολογία του 5G. Το δεύτερο κεφάλαιο εισάγει την τάση στην αγορά των κινητών επικοινωνιών που διαφένεται πίσω από την επερχόμενη άφιξη του 5G, αποκαλύπτοντας το επιχειρηματικό πλαίσιο για επιχειρήσεις, καταναλωτές και συνεργασίες όπως επίσης και κάποιες περιπτώσεις χρήσης που αντικατοπτρίζουν την διαρκή εξέλιξη στις ευρυζωνικές υπηρεσίες κινητών επικοινωνιών. Το τρίτο κεφάλαιο εμπεριέχει μια μικρή επισκόπηση των τρέχοντων έργων πάνω στο 5G, τα οποία ξεκίνησαν υπό την αιγίδα της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής με τη συνεργασία προμηθευτών τεχνολογίας επικοινωνιών, παρόχων υπηρεσιών, μικρομεσαίων επιχειρήσεων και πανεπιστημίων. Γίνεται επίσης αναφορά στις βασικές τεχνολογίες του 5G και στις δραστηριότητες προτυποποίησής του. Προχωρώντας στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο, περιγράφουμε σε βάθος την αρχιτεκτονική του 5G δικτύου, αναλύοντας τα SDN, NFV, MANO και εξετάζουμε πώς αυτά συνεισφέρουν στη βιωσιμότητα του δικτύου. Τέλος, στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο εισάγουμε μια καινοτόμο ιδέα που αναπτύξαμε στο εργαστήριο δικτύων του πανεπιστημίου μας, ένα πλήρως αυτόνομο δικτυακό εργαλείο, το “Network in a box”. Παρουσιάζουμε σε βάθος πώς αυτός ο server μπορεί να εγκατασταθεί και να λειτουργήσει καθώς και τις δυνατότητές του κάτω από πραγματικές συνθήκες λειτουργίας του δικτύου, ενώ λαμβάνουν χώρα υποβάθμιση ποιότητας ή μη-διαθεσιμότητα στις δικτυακές ζεύξεις, παρέχοντας επίσης μετρικές από τη λειτουργία του δικτύου σε πραγματικό χρόνο.As the demand in mobile broadband is tremendously increased and the heterogeneity of the services to be covered is growing rapidly, current mobile networks are close to their limits imposing the need of an evolution which is going to be introduced by the next generation technology, the ITU IMT-2020, well known as 5G. 5G brings all those capabilities required to cover the increased mobile broadband needs, support the Internet of Things and bind heterogeneous services in different industries. This diploma thesis aims at presenting the “Network in a box”, an innovative tool we developed which is based on the key 5G principles, SDN and NFV. With Software Defined Networking (SDN) being the new approach in mobile networks, control and data plane are decoupled providing the ability to make any control related decisions centrally and transform legacy network devices to simple forwarding elements. This testbed is a portable emulated network device which is self-managed and self-optimised and can be connected between any real network devices, emulating how the 5G network will perform. This plug & play black-box testbed is also capable of providing KPI metrics of the 5G network under real circumstances when real network devices are connected to it. The structure of this diploma thesis is decomposed in five chapters. Chapter 1 presents the challenges mobile networks will shortly face due to the growing heterogeneous demands in communications towards the year 2020 and beyond and how these can be met with the upcoming 5G technology. Chapter 2 introduces the market trend behind the new era of 5G, revealing the business context for enterprises, consumers, verticals and partnerships as well as some use cases which reflect the continuous mobile broadband evolution. Chapter 3 includes a short overview of the ongoing 5G projects, initiated under the umbrella of the European Commission, with the collaboration of communications technology vendors, telecommunications operators, service providers, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and universities. There is also a reference in 5G key enabling technologies and standardisation activities as we move towards the next generation mobile networks technology. Moving forward, chapter 4 describes in detail the technological components of 5G network architecture such as SDN, NFV, MANO and examines how these 5G key enabling technologies contribute to the overall networks’ sustainability. Finally, in chapter 5 we introduce an innovative idea developed in our university’s communications network research laboratory, an autonomous emulated portable network testbed, the “Network in a box”. We present in-depth how this portable server is deployed, operates and demonstrate the way it can be connected to real network elements emulating a real 5G end-to-end customer network. Moreover, in this last chapter we present “Network in a box” capabilities under real network circumstances when link degradations or failures take place, providing also real-time network metrics