\u27Complete\u27 Accrual Taxation

Under the realization rule, accrued gains and losses generally are not taken into account for income tax purposes until a disposition occurs. Thus, the realization rule is responsible for tax deferral, which in turn likely leads to economic inefficiencies and inequities. The realization rule also contributes greatly to the complexity of the federal income tax system by necessitating numerous Internal Revenue Code provisions that address the many consequences arising from the decision to postpone taxation until a disposition occurs. An alternative to the realization rule is accrual taxation - the inclusion in the tax base of annual increases and decreases in the value of property, regardless of disposition. Accrual taxation may improve economic efficiency and equity, and certainly would obviate a substantial portion of the Code. Yet, accrual taxation presents serious problems of its own - the difficulty of valuing assets and possible taxpayer illiquidity. For these reasons, few have supported such a system. And the rare proposals made are merely calls for partial accrual taxation. This article considers and analyzes complete accrual taxation. Actually, like prior proposals, the system considered here also excludes certain assets as well as the imputed income on consumer items. However, this accrual system is more complete in that it seeks to value and tax on an annual basis what are likely the most difficult-to-value assets - nonmarketed business interests and collectibles. To value these assets, this article suggests the use of computer software, in particular, artificial intelligence. The goal of this article is to demonstrate that complete accrual taxation is potentially beneficial and feasible, and that further research should be done to address these issues. Much of the remaining work should be left to those who are expert in the fields of economics, artificial intelligence, and valuation. While this research may be difficult and costly, the potential benefits of complete accrual taxation warrant the endeavor

Complete Accrual Taxation

This Article considers and analyzes complete accrual taxation, the inclusion in the tax base of annual increases and decreases in the value of property, regardless of disposition. This system does away with the rule that income must be realized in order to be taxed. The Article outlines the complete tax accrual system and engages in a rigorous examination of the benefits resulting from such a system. It compares the consequences of such a system to the consequences of adopting other alternatives to the realization rule. It explores a computerized valuation system for nonmarketed business interests, and deals with legitimate privacy concerns raised by such a system. The author concludes by noting that complete accrual taxation is beneficial and feasible, and that further research should be done to address these issues

The Role of Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and Task Technology Fit to Increase Perceived Impact on Learning

This study aims to explore Task-Technology Fit, Perceived Usefulness, and Perceived Ease of Use on users' Attitudes toward Video Conferencing applications, as well as their impact on Perceived Impact on Learning. Researchers added Task-Technology Fit as an element of novelty and used the Technology Acceptance Model as the main theory used. This research uses a survey method with the participation of 170 respondents who actively use Video Conference applications in various contexts and are of all ages with productive age specifications. The results of the analysis show that there is a significant positive correlation between Task-Technology Fit and Perceived Usefulness, as well as Task-Technology Fit and Perceived Ease of Use. In addition, a significant positive relationship was detected between Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness. Furthermore, Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use have a positive impact on users' Attitudes toward Video Conferencing applications. Apparently, user Attitude also has a proven positive influence on the Perceived Impact on Learning. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used as the analysis technique conducted using AMOS Graphics 24. The practical implications of these findings involve recommendations for Video Conferencing application developers to improve features and design to enhance user experience. Hopefully, these findings can support the development of video conferencing-based technologies to be more effective and have a positive impact on virtual learning and interaction

Leslislating in the Face of New Technology: Copyright Laws for the Digital Age

This Note discusses the agendas and proposals of different countries with respect to copyright regulation in the digital age. Part I discusses the present state of copyright law in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Community. Part I also examines laws that have developed in response to new technology. Part II considers the varying commentaries and proposals addressing the promulgation of copyright law for digital technology. Part III argues that the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Community should take their existing copyright concepts and expand them to fit with digital technology. In addition, Part III maintains that lawmakers should consider copyright infringement liability standards which are based on an OSP\u27s knowledge of and ability to control infringing works appearing on online services. Finally, this Note concludes that promulgation of copyright laws relating to the Internet is crucial to the growth of online services and a necessary prerequisite to a global information infrastructure

Auditing Symposium X: Proceedings of the 1990 Deloitte & Touche/University of Kansas Symposium on Auditing Problems

Discussant\u27s response to Analytical procedure results as substantive evidence / Abraham D. Akresh; Assessing control risk: Effects of procedural differences on auditor consensus / Jane E. Morton, William L. Felix; Discussant\u27s response to Assessing control risk: Effects of procedural differences on auditor consensus / Richard W. Kruetzfeldt; Illegal acts: What is the auditor\u27s responsibility? / Dan M. Guy, Ray O. Whittington, Donald L. Neebes; Discussants\u27 response no 1 to Illegal acts: What is the auditor\u27s responsibility? / Tim Damewood, Susan Harshberger, Russ Jones; Discussant\u27s response no 2 to Illegal acts: What is the auditor\u27s responsibility? / Frances M. McNair; Panel discussion on The impact of mergers of accounting firms on the auditing profession / Stephen J. Aldersley, David W. Hunerberg, Jonathan E. Kilner, Julia A. Lelik, Roger R. Nelson; New global realities and their impact on the accounting profession / Edward A. Kangas; Discussant\u27s response to With firmness in the right / Theodore F. Bluey; Neural nets versus logistic regression: A comparison of each model\u27s ability to predict commercial bank failures / Timothy B. Bell, Gary S. Ribar, Jennifer Verichio; Discussant\u27s response to Neural nets versus logistic regression: A comparison of each model\u27s ability to predict commercial bank failures / Miklos A. Vasarhelyi; Expert systems and AI-based decision support in auditing: Progress and perspectives / William E. McCarth, Eric Denna, Graham Gal; Discussant\u27s response to Expert systems and AI-based decision support in auditing: Progress and perspectives / Dana A. Madalon, Frederick W. Rook; Analytical procedure results as substantive evidence / William R. Kinney, Christine M. Hanes; With firmness in the right / Frederick L. Neumannhttps://egrove.olemiss.edu/dl_proceedings/1009/thumbnail.jp

Evidence-Based Sentencing and the Scientific Rationalization of Discrimination

This Article critiques, on legal and empirical grounds, the growing trend of basing criminal sentences on actuarial recidivism risk prediction instruments that include demographic and socioeconomic variables. I argue that this practice violates the Equal Protection Clause and is bad policy: an explicit embrace of otherwise- condemned discrimination, sanitized by scientific language. To demonstrate that this practice raises serious constitutional concerns, I comprehensively review the relevant case law, much of which has been ignored by existing literature. To demonstrate that the policy is not justified by countervailing state interests, I review the empirical evidence underlying the instruments. I show that they provide wildly imprecise individual risk predictions, that there is no compelling evidence that they outperform judges\u27 informal predictions, that less discriminatory alternatives would likely perform as well, and that the instruments do not even address the right question: the effect of a given sentencing decision on recidivism risk. Finally, I also present new empirical evidence, based on a randomized experiment using fictional cases, suggesting that these instruments should not be expected merely to substitute actuarial predictions for less scientific risk assessments but instead to increase the weight given to recidivism risk versus other sentencing considerations

Reliability and validity of a model computerized simulation examination for nursing

Health care facilities and schools of nursing are beginning to utilize computer technology. There is limited availability of quality software in nursing for instruction and evaluation. In the present study, a computerized simulation examination to evaluate decision-making in nursing was developed and assessed in terms of its psychometric properties. A clinical situation was established and then converted into a computerized simulation program. The computerized simulation examination was given to groups of nurses and non-nurses in order to improve clarity of instructions and to insure the functioning of the computer program. To obtain data indicating reliability and validity, the computerized simulation examination was given to two additional groups: novices who were college students without nursing experience and experts who were masters in nursing prepared faculty. Each person\u27s performance was converted into three scores (performance index, efficiency index, and usefulness). The known-groups technique was then used to determine criterion-related validity. The faculty group was also given a questionnaire relating to the content validity of the simulation