ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL MODULAR SUPERVISORY CONTROL FOR A MANUFACTURING CELL -A CASE STUDY

ABSTRACT In this Paper, a viable analysis and implementation of local modular Supervisory Control Theory for a manufacturing cell is predicted in the best possible manners to capture the necessities of idealizing the programmable logic controller (PLC). By means of local modular approach a methodology that reveals modularity of the plant and of the behavioral specifications models optimal supervisors are obtained without state-space explosion. For the purpose of simplifying the ladder diagram implementation in the PLC, reduced supervisors are implemented in a three level structure that executes the modular supervisor's concurrent action and interfaces the theoretical model with the real system. The flexible and productive manufacturing cell behavior, after the control system practical implementation, and the final PLC code readability and flexibility are positive quality indicators to the applied methodology

Employee Compensation and Advanced Manufacturing Technology

[Excerpt] The globalization of product markets has intensified competition in an increasingly wide array of industries, including automobiles, consumer electronics,steel, and computer chips to name just a few. In manufacturing as a whole during the last thirty years, productivity growth in the U.S. has lagged significantly behind that of Japan, Germany, Sweden, and many other industrialized countries. For example, between 1960 and 1985, the annual growth in manufacturing productivity (output per hour) was 2.7 percent in the U.S. compared with 8.0 percent in Japan. Unless this trend can be turned around, U.S. companies will find it increasingly difficult to compete in the world market

Electric field emissions of FPGA chip based on gigahertz transverse electromagnetic cell modeling and measurements

Modern integrated circuits (ICs) are significant sources of undesired electromagnetic wave. Therefore, characterization of chip-level emission is essential to comply with EMC tests at the product level. A Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic (GTEM) cell is a common test instrument used to measure IC radiated emission and the test cost is relatively low. Regular IC radiated emission measurements using GTEM tend to neglect some significant emission sources. Thus, this research proposed an alternative methodology to perform field measurement of the IC inside the GTEM cell in order to optimize the field measurements. This research study also attempted analysis of the overall GTEM cell performance using transmission line theory. An FPGA chip was adopted as the IC under test because of its flexibility in configuration to any digital circuit. The investigations discovered that the impact of the FPGA board supporting components and interconnection cables can be significantly reduced with appropriate shielding and grounding. The electric field predict a far distance from the FPGA chip was carried out based on the dipole moment technique. In particular, the dipole moment model emphasizing the tiny horizontal and vertical radiation elements inside the FPGA chip as Hertzian antenna and small current loop. Equations to predict the horizontal and vertical electric field were developed based on Hertzian antenna and small current loop which relate the tiny radiation sources to electric and magnetic dipole moments. The prediction was validated with 3-meter field measurements in a semi-anechoic chamber. On top of that, a spiral-like pattern was developed to obtain a correction factor for further improvement of the correlation between prediction and SAC measurement. The results revealed that the correction factor effectively reduced the gap between the prediction and measurement fields and boosted the correlation coefficient by 44%. The difference of peak values also has limited to less than 0dB after correction. These results suggest a promising finding for a future EMI test of ICs with a cheaper GTEM cell

Integração de sistemas SCADA com a implementação de controle supervisório em CLP para sistemas de manufatura

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Automação e Sistemas, Florianópolis, 2011Os sistemas SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) são sistemas que utilizam tecnologias de computação e comunicação para automatizar a monitoração e o controle de processos industriais, efetuando coleta de dados, os quais são apresentados de modo amigável para o operador, através de interfaces homem-máquina (IHM). Dentre esses processos encontram-se os sistemas de manufatura, cuja dinâmica, sob a ótica do problema de coordenação, os enquadra na classe de Sistemas a Eventos Discretos (SED). A Teoria de Controle Supervisório (TCS) baseia-se em modelos de autômatos e linguagens para síntese de supervisores ótimos para SED que podem ser traduzidos em código estruturado para controladores lógicos programáveis (CLP). Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de metodologia para o desenvolvimento integrado de sistemas SCADA com a programação de controle supervisório em CLP para sistemas de manufatura. A metodologia proposta está constituída de 8 fases: projeto informacional; síntese de controle supervisório seguindo a abordagem modular local da TCS; emulação da atuação dos supervisores na planta; implementação estruturada do controle supervisório em CLP; implementação de funcionalidades básicas do sistema SCADA; avaliação de funcionamento do sistema real; implementação de funcionalidades gerais do sistema SCADA e, por último, validação do sistema integrado. Esta metodologia é aplicada ao controle e supervisão de uma célula flexível de manufatura do LAI-UFSC. Os resultados obtidos demonstram sistematização, flexibilidade e eficiência na realização do projeto de controle e supervisão do sistema, além de permitir estruturação e validação do programa do CLP e do sistema SCADA.SCADA systems (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) are systems using computing and communication technologies to automate the monitoring and control of industrial processes, making data collection, which are presented in a friendly form for the operator, through Human Machine Interface (HMI). Among these processes are the manufacturing systems, whose dynamics, from the perspective of the coordination problem, include them in the class of discrete event systems (DES). The Supervisory Control Theory (SCT) is based on models of automata and languages for optimal synthesis of supervisors for DES, which can be translated into structured code for programmable logic controllers (PLC). This work presents a proposal of methodology for integrated development of SCADA systems with the programming of supervisory control in PLC for manufacturing systems. The proposed methodology is comprised of eight phases: informational design; synthesis of supervisory control, following the local modular approach of TCS; emulation of the performance of supervisors in the plant; structured implementation of supervisory control in the PLC; implementation of basic functionality of SCADA system, evaluation of operation of the real system; implementation of the overall functionality of the SCADA system and, finally, validation of the integrated system. This methodology is applied to the control and supervision of a flexible manufacturing cell of the LAI-UFSC. The results demonstrate systematic, flexibility and efficiency in carrying out the project control and supervision system, and allows structuring and validation of the program PLC and SCADA system

Electricity consumption forecasting using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) is a developing Malaysian Technical University. There is a great development of UTHM since its formation in 1993. Therefore, it is crucial to have accurate future electricity consumption forecasting for its future energy management and saving. Even though there are previous works of electricity consumption forecasting using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), but most of their data are multivariate data. In this study, we have only univariate data of UTHM electricity consumption from January 2009 to December 2018 and wish to forecast 2019 consumption. The univariate data was converted to multivariate and ANFIS was chosen as it carries both advantages of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). ANFIS yields the MAPE between actual and predicted electricity consumption of 0.4002% which is relatively low if compared to previous works of UTHM electricity forecasting using time series model (11.14%), and first-order fuzzy time series (5.74%), and multiple linear regression (10.62%)

A ROS2 based communication architecture for control in collaborative and intelligent automation systems

Collaborative robots are becoming part of intelligent automation systems in modern industry. Development and control of such systems differs from traditional automation methods and consequently leads to new challenges. Thankfully, Robot Operating System (ROS) provides a communication platform and a vast variety of tools and utilities that can aid that development. However, it is hard to use ROS in large-scale automation systems due to communication issues in a distributed setup, hence the development of ROS2. In this paper, a ROS2 based communication architecture is presented together with an industrial use-case of a collaborative and intelligent automation system.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, to be published in the proceedings of 29th International Conference on Flexible Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing (FAIM2019), June 201

Synthesis equivalence of triples

This working paper describes a framework for compositional supervisor synthesis, which is applicable to all discrete event systems modelled as a set of deterministic automata. Compositional synthesis exploits the modular structure of the input model, and therefore works best for models consisting of a large number of small automata. State-space explosion is mitigated by the use of abstraction to simplify individual components, and the property of synthesis equivalence guarantees that the final synthesis result is the same as it would have been for the non-abstracted model. The working paper describes synthesis equivalent abstractions and shows their use in an algorithm to compute supervisors efficiently. The algorithm has been implemented in the DES software tool Supremica and successfully computes modular supervisors, even for systems with more than 1014 reachable states, in less than 30 seconds

Space Applications of Automation, Robotics and Machine Intelligence Systems (ARAMIS), phase 2. Volume 1: Telepresence technology base development

The field of telepresence is defined, and overviews of those capabilities that are now available, and those that will be required to support a NASA telepresence effort are provided. Investigation of NASA's plans and goals with regard to telepresence, extensive literature search for materials relating to relevant technologies, a description of these technologies and their state of the art, and projections for advances in these technologies over the next decade are included. Several space projects are examined in detail to determine what capabilities are required of a telepresence system in order to accomplish various tasks, such as servicing and assembly. The key operational and technological areas are identified, conclusions and recommendations are made for further research, and an example developmental program is presented, leading to an operational telepresence servicer