Economic optimization of component sizing for residential battery storage systems

Battery energy storage systems (BESS) coupled with rooftop-mounted residential photovoltaic (PV) generation, designated as PV-BESS, draw increasing attention and market penetration as more and more such systems become available. The manifold BESS deployed to date rely on a variety of different battery technologies, show a great variation of battery size, and power electronics dimensioning. However, given today's high investment costs of BESS, a well-matched design and adequate sizing of the storage systems are prerequisites to allow profitability for the end-user. The economic viability of a PV-BESS depends also on the battery operation, storage technology, and aging of the system. In this paper, a general method for comprehensive PV-BESS techno-economic analysis and optimization is presented and applied to the state-of-art PV-BESS to determine its optimal parameters. Using a linear optimization method, a cost-optimal sizing of the battery and power electronics is derived based on solar energy availability and local demand. At the same time, the power flow optimization reveals the best storage operation patterns considering a trade-off between energy purchase, feed-in remuneration, and battery aging. Using up to date technology-specific aging information and the investment cost of battery and inverter systems, three mature battery chemistries are compared; a lead-acid (PbA) system and two lithium-ion systems, one with lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) and another with lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) cathode. The results show that different storage technology and component sizing provide the best economic performances, depending on the scenario of load demand and PV generation.Web of Science107art. no. 83

Advances in Repurposing and Recycling of Post-Vehicle-Application Lithium-Ion Batteries

Increased electrification of vehicles has increased the use of lithium-ion batteries for energy storage, and raised the issue of what to do with post-vehicle-application batteries. Three possibilities have been identified: 1) remanufacturing for intended reuse in vehicles; 2) repurposing for non-vehicle, stationary storage applications; and 3) recycling, extracting the precious metals, chemicals and other byproducts. Advances in repurposing and recycling are presented, along with a mathematical model that forecasts the manufacturing capacity needed for remanufacturing, repurposing, and recycling. Results obtained by simulating the model show that up to a 25% reduction in the need for new batteries can be achieved through remanufacturing, that the sum of repurposing and remanufacturing capacity is approximately constant across various scenarios encouraging the sharing of resources, and that the need for recycling capacity will be significant by 2030. A repurposing demonstration shows the use of post-vehicle-application batteries to support a semi-portable recycling platform. Energy is collected from solar panels, and dispensed to electrical devices as required. Recycling may be complicated: lithium-ion batteries produced by different manufacturers contain different active materials, particularly for the cathodes. In all cases, however, the collecting foils used in the anodes are copper, and in the cathodes are aluminum. A common recycling process using relatively low acid concentrations, low temperatures, and short time periods was developed and demonstrated

Transformasi Pekan Parit Raja: kajian terhadap kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat

Isu utama yang dibangkitkan dalam kajian ini adalah mengenai isu kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat ekoran transformasi yang berlaku di Pekan Parit Raja dan kesannya. Transformasi pembangunan yang berlaku di pekan kecil pada asasnya menunjukkan pencapaian positif dalam pelbagai sudut mencakupi perkembangan ekonomi, perindustrian, prasarana dan perumahan. Namun turut memberi kesan kepada persekitaran fizikal. Kesan daripada keadaan itu turut membawa ke arah kemerosotan serta memberi tekanan yang kuat terhadap kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat setempat. Objektif kajian ini ialah (i) meninjau perkembangan pembangunan di Pekan Parit Raja, (ii) mengenalpasti perubahan sosio ekonomi penduduk setempat, (iii) mengenalpasti keperluan penduduk setempat mengikut perkembangan semasa dan (iv) membentuk indeks penunjuk kesejahteraan hidup bagi masyarakat Pekan Parit Raja. Skop kajian tertumpu di Pekan Parit Raja dengan tumpuan terhadap transformasi pembangunan yang dialami dari segi perkembangan fizikal, sosial dan ekonomi. Responden yang terpilih terdiri daripada wakil Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan, wakil komuniti dan masyarakat setempat. Kajian dijalankan berdasarkan kepada pengumpulan data primer dan sekunder. Sejumlah 367 responden telah dipilih secara persampelan rawak bersrata. Data yang dikumpul telah dianalisis menggunakan program SPSS. Analisis kajian mendapati perubahan ruang ekonomi yang berlaku di Pekan Parit Raja adalah sangat ketara. Hasil kajian menunjukkan keluasan had pembangunan di Pekan Parit Raja telah meningkat sebanyak 2.51% antara tahun 1998 sehingga tahun 2003 dan tertinggi berbanding lima (5) bandar utama lain. Faktor pembangunan sosio ekonomi yang positif menyebabkan unjuran penduduk dijangka mencapai sehingga 9.9% sehingga tahun 2020. Sebanyak 53.8% responden telah berjaya meningkatkan pendapatan sehingga hampir sekali ganda dalam tempoh 20 tahun. Sebahagian besar responden pula berkemampuan dari segi pemilikan perumahan dan kereta masing-masing dengan peningkatan sehingga 86.6% dan 98.0% pada sekitar tahun 2010. Ianya sangat berbeza dengan 20 tahun lepas. Walau bagaimanapun, 72.5% responden menyatakan beberapa keperluan perlu ditambah atau diperbaiki dengan jalan raya merupakan keperluan utama. Pada masa yang sama, 75.7% responden menyatakan jenis keperluan yang paling penting perlu disediakan adalah perpustakaan awam. Dapatan keseluruhan kajian akhirnya telah membentuk indeks penunjuk kesejahteraan hidup dari aspek ekonomi, kualiti perumahan, keharmonian sosial dan alam sekitar kesan transformasi pembangunan ke atas kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat setempat. Beberapa cadangan telah dikemukakan agar pembangunan yang membawa perubahan kepada sosio ekonomi dan persekitaran seharusnya mengambil kira kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat dan kelestarian alam sekitar untuk mencapai kualiti hidup yang lebih baik di masa akan datang

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory Electric and Hybrid Vehicle System Research and Development Project, 1977-1984: A Review

The JPL Electric and Hybrid Vehicle System Research and Development Project was established in the spring of 1977. Originally administered by the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) and later by the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Division of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the overall Program objective was to decrease this nation's dependence on foreign petroleum sources by developing the technologies and incentives necessary to bring electric and hybrid vehicles successfully into the marketplace. The ERDA/DOE Program structure was divided into two major elements: (1) technology research and system development and (2) field demonstration and market development. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has been one of several field centers supporting the former Program element. In that capacity, the specific historical areas of responsibility have been: (1) Vehicle system developments (2) System integration and test (3) Supporting subsystem development (4) System assessments (5) Simulation tool development

Ultra Low Carbon Vehicles: New Parameters for Automotive Design

As the influence of vehicle emissions on our environment has become better understood, the UK government has recently placed urgent emphasis on the implementation of low carbon technologies in the automotive industry through: the UK Low Carbon Industrial Strategy. The overall objective is to offer big incentives to consumers and support for the development of infrastructure and engineering solutions. This scheme however does not consider how the development of functional and experiential user value might drive consumer demand, contributing to the adoption of low carbon vehicles (LCVs) in the mass market. With the emergence of the North East of England as the UK’s first specialised region for the development of ultra-low carbon vehicles (ULCVs), ONE North East, as a development agency for the region's economic and business development, and Northumbria University Ideas-lab have supported a project to facilitate innovation through the collaboration of technology, research and development (R&D) and business. The High Value Low Carbon (HVLC) project aims to envisage new user value made possible by the integration of low carbon vehicle platforms with new process and network technologies. The HVLC consortium represents vehicle manufacturers and their suppliers as well as technology based companies and through an ongoing process of design concept generation the project offers a hub for innovation led enterprise. Whilst new technological developments in areas such as power generation, nano materials, hydrogen fuel cells, printed electronics and networked communications will all impact on future automotive design, the mass adoption of low carbon technologies represents a paradigm shift for the motorist. This paper aims to describe how the mapping of new parameters will lead to new transport scenarios that will create the space for new collaborative research on user experiences supported by innovative technologies and related services

Eras of electric vehicles: electric mobility on the Verge. Focus Attention Scale

Daily or casual passenger vehicles in cities have negative burden on our finite world. Transport sector has been one of the main contributors to air pollution and energy depletion. Providing alternative means of transport is a promising strategy perceived by motor manufacturers and researchers. The paper presents the battery electric vehicles-BEVs bibliography that starts with the early eras of invention up till 2015 outlook. It gives a broad overview of BEV market and its technology in a chronological classification while sheds light on the stakeholders’ focus attentions in each stage, the so called, Focus-Attention-Scale-FAS. The attention given in each era is projected and parsed in a scale graph, which varies between micro, meso, and macro-scale. BEV-system is on the verge of experiencing massive growth; however, the system entails a variety of substantial challenges. Observations show the main issues of BEVsystem that require more attention followed by the authors’ recommendations towards an emerging market

Energy storage : the route to liberation from the fossil fuel economy?

If a low-carbon energy strategy is to be developed up to 2050, renewable energy sources will need to be deployed on a large scale against a scenario of increasing global energy demand. Renewables will vary from large-scale regional wind and marine clusters to more localised 'micro' generation. If a low-carbon strategy is to be successful, automotive transport will also need to be linked to the renewable infrastructure. Both of these need the development of efficient and viable energy storage

Assessment of alternative power sources for mobile mining machinery

Alternative mobile power sources for mining applications were assessed. A wide variety of heat engines and energy systems was examined as potential alternatives to presently used power systems. The present mobile power systems are electrical trailing cable, electrical battery, and diesel - with diesel being largely limited in the United States to noncoal mines. Each candidate power source was evaluated for the following requirements: (1) ability to achieve the duty cycle; (2) ability to meet Government regulations; (3) availability (production readiness); (4) market availability; and (5) packaging capability. Screening reduced the list of candidates to the following power sources: diesel, stirling, gas turbine, rankine (steam), advanced electric (batteries), mechanical energy storage (flywheel), and use of hydrogen evolved from metal hydrides. This list of candidates is divided into two classes of alternative power sources for mining applications, heat engines and energy storage systems