What is Computational Intelligence and where is it going?

What is Computational Intelligence (CI) and what are its relations with Artificial Intelligence (AI)? A brief survey of the scope of CI journals and books with ``computational intelligence'' in their title shows that at present it is an umbrella for three core technologies (neural, fuzzy and evolutionary), their applications, and selected fashionable pattern recognition methods. At present CI has no comprehensive foundations and is more a bag of tricks than a solid branch of science. The change of focus from methods to challenging problems is advocated, with CI defined as a part of computer and engineering sciences devoted to solution of non-algoritmizable problems. In this view AI is a part of CI focused on problems related to higher cognitive functions, while the rest of the CI community works on problems related to perception and control, or lower cognitive functions. Grand challenges on both sides of this spectrum are addressed

Time-delayed models of gene regulatory networks

We discuss different mathematical models of gene regulatory networks as relevant to the onset and development of cancer. After discussion of alternativemodelling approaches, we use a paradigmatic two-gene network to focus on the role played by time delays in the dynamics of gene regulatory networks. We contrast the dynamics of the reduced model arising in the limit of fast mRNA dynamics with that of the full model. The review concludes with the discussion of some open problems

NATURAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF MULTI-LEVEL ORGANISMAL STRUCTURES REPRESENTED AS ORGANISMIC SUPERCATEGORIES: I. Generation of Categorical Limits and Colimits during Biological Development and Evolution

A current update of our original 1980 publication entitled "Natural Transformations of Organismic Structures" is here presented, along with the original (1980) article. A unifying approach to the realization of Relational Biology models and Complex System Biology was reported in 1980 for the first time in terms of Natural Transformations between Functors of Organismic Supercategories and their generating categorical diagrams. The representation of organismal structures in terms of Organismic-Supercategories, Functors and their Natural Transformations was introduced for the investigation of developmental and evolutionary processes. Several applications of such natural transformations were presented in relation to embryogenesis and evolutionary processes involving natural selection and the emergence of 'optimally designed' organismal structures. Other molecular realizations in Relational Biology and the underlying Molecular Biology of organisms were also discussed. Current developments of this approach to Complex Systems Biology include: Fuzzy Relations in Biological Dynamics and Structural Biology, Categories of Lukasiewicz Logic Algebras as representations of Functional Genomics and Cell Interactomics, and Intuitionistic Logic Algebras in Topoi and Higher-Dimensional Algebras as possible models of the emergence of Human Consciousness through 'long-range' correlations and partially coherent, multi-level Neural Network processes