263 research outputs found
Scientific Opinion on the risk to plant health posed by <em>Eutetranychus orientalis</em> Klein in the EU territory, with the identification and evaluation of risk reduction options
The Panel on Plant Health conducted a pest risk assessment for Eutetranychus orientalis in the European Union (EU) and evaluated the effectiveness of phytosanitary measures in Council Directive 2000/29/EC. Entry through the plants for planting pathway is assessed as very likely, while entry through other pathways is estimated as moderately likely to unlikely owing to the different probability of transfer to a suitable host. Establishment is rated as very likely in Mediterranean areas and from moderately likely to unlikely in non-Mediterranean areas, because of unfavourable environmental conditions. Spread is rated as very likely because of the many ways the pest can spread, its polyphagy and the wide distribution of hosts. Impact is rated as minor, with an expected increase in the damage when populations of natural enemies are severely affected by control measures and/or when environmental conditions are stressful for the host. However, the lack of information resulted in an overall medium level of uncertainty. The Panel evaluated the effectiveness of current EU phytosanitary measures and concluded that the removal of E. orientalis from Annex IIAII would not affect its probability of entry, because the importation from Third countries of some host plants regulated for this pest(Citrus, Fortunella, Poncirus species and their hybrids) is prohibited in Annex III. However, spread could be affected since there would no longer be a requirement to inspect for this pest before issuing a plant passport (Annex V). However, since the regulated Rutaceae species constitute an extremely small proportion of the potential host plants of E. orientalis, the current phytosanitary measures are mostly ineffective in preventing further introduction and spread of E. orientalis in the EU. The Panel identified surveillance at the production site and treatment of the consignment as the most effective and technically feasible risk reduction options, particularly when applied together
Machine learning for detection and prediction of crop diseases and pests: A comprehensive survey
Considering the population growth rate of recent years, a doubling of the current worldwide
crop productivity is expected to be needed by 2050. Pests and diseases are a major obstacle to
achieving this productivity outcome. Therefore, it is very important to develop efficient methods
for the automatic detection, identification, and prediction of pests and diseases in agricultural crops.
To perform such automation, Machine Learning (ML) techniques can be used to derive knowledge
and relationships from the data that is being worked on. This paper presents a literature review on
ML techniques used in the agricultural sector, focusing on the tasks of classification, detection, and
prediction of diseases and pests, with an emphasis on tomato crops. This survey aims to contribute
to the development of smart farming and precision agriculture by promoting the development of
techniques that will allow farmers to decrease the use of pesticides and chemicals while preserving
and improving their crop quality and production.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
EXPLORING VOLUNTEERED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION WITH DATA QUALITY CONTROL FOR INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH
Integrated and Ecological Crop Protection (I/ECP)
Manual on integrated and ecological crop protectio
Recommended from our members
Alternative Controls for Stephanitis pyrioides in the Pacific Northwest.
The azalea lace bug (Stephanitis pyrioides Scott) is a global pest of rhododendrons and azaleas (Rhododendron spp.). It is originally from Asia, has been established in the eastern U.S. for the past century, and was recently detected in the Pacific Northwest in 2008-2009. Stephanitis pyrioides feeds on the underside of leaves, removing the chlorophyll from the mesophyll layer causing leaf chlorosis. It leaves unattractive residues on the underside of leaves as a result of frass deposition and molting. Rhododendron is an economically important genus for the nursery and landscape industries in the state of Oregon. Presently S. pyrioides is controlled using systemic insecticides, but the possible environmental impacts and possible development of resistance compel efforts to find alternative controls. Previous research has offered regional solutions which cannot be used at a large scale in Oregon. The research presented in this thesis aimed to add to the body of knowledge about alternative ways to control this pest. We set out to determine 1) if S. pyrioides infestations can be controlled using plant volatiles, a blend of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV) and floral volatiles, to attract naturally-occurring green lacewing, a known voracious lace bug predator, and 2) if Rhododendron spp. resistance to S. pyrioides can be enhanced with supplemental silicon.
In the first study, two out of three different blends of plant volatiles attracted green lacewing compared to a control in farm landscapes, none in urban landscapes. The blends comprised of methyl salicylate + acetic acid +2-pheylethanol, and acetophenone + acetic acid + 2-phenylethanol. One out of four experiments that used the volatile blends to attract lacewing effectively controlled S. pyrioides using the blend with acetophenone (above). Other natural enemies were also monitored for attraction: the blends with methyl salicylate or acetophenone (above) recruited some predators and the floral blend with phenylacetaldehyde + methyl salicylate + acetic acid recruited some parasitoids, but associated reductions of S. pyrioides were not large enough to draw any correlations.
In past studies, increasing host plant resistance by supplementing plants with elemental silicon has enhanced the defense systems of monocots and some dicots. The silicon may increase cell wall strength making it more difficult for herbivores to feed on or, may affect plant chemistry and palatability. Rhododendrons supplemented with silicon had reduced numbers of S. pyrioides eggs and frass spots in choice experiments with whole plants and detached leaves albeit post-supplementation tests showed no increase in silicon content. If rhododendrons are unable to absorb and accumulate supplemental silicon, a potential topical effect of foliar applications is conceivable but the mechanism for similar results obtained with soil applications is unclear. Tri-trophic interactions in varying landscapes are complex and examples of using plant volatiles to successfully manipulate natural enemies for effective biological control are still scant. This study is another example of that complexity. A more practical tool for the control of S. pyrioides in Oregon may be the use of silicon to enhance host resistance. Further research in this area is needed to bridge the gap between small scale experimental success and large scale, practical alternative controls.
Emerging and new pests under climate change in Limpopo Province, South Africa.
Doctor of Philosophy in Crop Science. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 2018.Vegetable production is constrained by pests such as weeds, insects and diseases. The damage caused by pests and diseases can be highly exacerbated by climatic changes and variability. Poor agricultural practices play a role in increasing greenhouse gas emissions which contribute to climate change. Climatic factors such as increased temperature, increased carbon dioxide levels and erratic rainfall are responsible for influencing pest distributions, pest migration and increased pest population. Distribution and migration of pests can also result from globalization, trade and movement of people. Poor biosecurity and phytosanitary measures are also involved in bringing new pests in countries. This study was conducted in Limpopo Province in four municipalities of Vhembe District (Mutale, Musina, Makhado and Thulamela). Quantitative and qualitative techniques were used in data collection. Data was collected through questionnaire surveys, focus groups discussions and key informants. Farmers were randomly selected from a list provided by extension officers in each municipality. Three focus groups were conducted in each municipality consisting of seven women, seven men and a combined group of seven men and women. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to compare mean differences between different variables. Means and significant differences between means were declared at P ≤ 0.05. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of new and emerging pests in Limpopo Province. The major objectives of the study were to evaluate farmer’s perception on climate change and new and emerging pests, to determine the control measures used by farmers to manage vegetable insect pests, to evaluate the role of institutions on insect pest management, and to determine new and emerging pests in the district. Results of the study indicated that long dry spells, late rainfall and warmer winters were major indicators of climate change in Limpopo Province. Famers in all municipalities perceived aphids as major problematic insect pests to vegetables and were not significantly different from each other (P > 0.05). The highest percentage of aphid prevalence was found in Mutale municipality (82.1%) and the lowest was found in Thulamela municipality (66.7%). Tuta absoluta (South American tomato pinworm) and Spodoptera frugiperda were reported as new insect pests in Vhembe District. Tuta absoluta was only reported in Musina municipality. Spodoptera frugiperda was significantly higher in Makhado irrigated system (72%) and was significantly different from Musina municipality (8.3%) and Thulamela dryland system (19%). Bagrada hilaris (bagrada bug) and Acanthoplus discoidalis (armoured bush cricket) were observed as emerging pests in the district. Thulamela dryland system (73%) was significantly different from Thulamela irrigated system (33%) and Musina municipality (41%) in terms of Bagrada hilaris prevalence. Musina municipality (50%) was significantly different from the rest of the municipalities with respect to Acanthoplus discoidalis prevalence (P < 0.05). The lowest prevalence of amoured cricket was found in Mutale irrigated system (9.52%).
All municipalities showed that they highly depended on chemical control for pest management. All municipalities except Makhado dryland system, mentioned that chemicals were effective for insect pest management. The percentage of farmers who agreed that chemicals were effective was significantly different from farmers who did not agree that chemicals were effective (P < 0.05).
The overall study showed that climatic factors increased the prevalence of insect pests in Limpopo Province. High temperatures could have influenced the population and distribution of insect pests. New insect pests observed seemed to have quickly adapted to climatic factors in Limpopo Province and therefore, resulted to severe damage on host crops. The study also emphasized that chemical control was effective for insect pest management. However, farmers were over applying pesticides to kill insect pests. This resulted in high levels of pesticide resistance. Frequent application of pesticides can be harmful to the environment and to human health, and can also increase the level of pesticide residues on vegetables. More studies need to be conducted on the biology of new and emerging insect pests in Limpopo Province. Awareness on new and emerging insect pests must be raised to assist farmers in preparedness on how to manage insect pests. Farmers need to be trained more on chemical control measures and other control measures such as integrated pest management and biological control for pest management. The government should also train extension officers on climate change and insect pests, climate smart agriculture and effects of pesticides in order to deliver relevant advisory services to farmers
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