Automobile maintenance modelling using gcForest

Automobile maintenance has gained increasing attention in recent years. If the failure time of an automobile can be predicted, it can bring tangible benefits to automobile fleet management. The Multi-Grained Cascade Forest (gcForest) is a tree-based deep learning algorithm, which was originally developed for image classification, but is potentially a helpful tool in automobile maintenance. This study aims to introduce the gcForest into automobile maintenance based on historical maintenance data and geographical information system (GIS) data. The experimental results reveal that the gcForest shows merits in automobile time-between-failure (TBF) modelling, while it requires less computational cost