Validating the model of predictors of academic self-handicapping behavior

The main aim of the present study is to validate the model of predictors of self-handicapping behavior (POASH) on the data derived from undergraduate students in an ongoing co-curriculum compulsory course. The study adapted and extended the original theory of reciprocal interaction of emotion, cognition and behavior by adding self-handicapping behavior component. In so doing, this study assessed the direct and indirect effects of emotion, cognition and behavior via student engagement on self-handicapping behavior. The second purpose of the study is to evaluate gender and nationality status invariants of the causal structure of POASH. This cross-validation procedure determined whether gender and nationality status moderated the causal structure of the model, and thus the generality of POASH. The data was collected from two self-reported questionnaires administered to 790 undergraduates of an International Islamic University in Malaysia. A confirmatory three-step approach theory testing and development using Maximum Likelihood method was applied. The results of structured equation modeling supported the adequacy of POASH and the causal structure of POASH proved to be applicable to both genders and nationality statuses

Acquiring & forgetting a second language : a study of three children aged 5-11 years

Bibliography: pages 333-356.This investigation is concerned with what three children remembered or had forgotten of a second language after an interval of two years. An in-depth study, consisting of recognition and recall tests, was made of 13-year-old identical twin girls and their 9-year-old brother, who previously had been English/French bilinguals. A phenomenological approach was taken, which included the children's reaction to the tests, and their description of the personal framework within which the learning and forgetting had taken place. The findings, which are suggestive due to limited data, are: first, cognitive and maturational differences between the children caused the twins to retain more recognition and active recall of French than their brother; second, the twins showed a surprising difference in their recognition of French, pos9ibly caused by affective factors; third, all three children showed strongest recognition in the area of semantics, while in recall they retained phonology best; fourth, in the tests, habit memory and episodic memory were more durable than semantic memory. The investigation is a first step towards understanding how children forget a language in which they have been submersed

Globalisation as a legal problematic: balancing legal efficiency against legal principle: the case of money laundering

PhdOver the relatively short period of the last three decades, an extensive body of law, both penal and regulatory, has developed in order to prevent and to control th1s seemingly burgeoning phenomenon of money laundering. Initial examination of this body of law immediately reveals that it is a legal order that pushes against the traditional frameworks of criminal justice. For example, this new legal order persistently rings "alarm bells" regarding its compatibility with such fundamental principles as the presumption of innocence, the principle of legality, the immunity against double jeopardy, and the rights to privacy especially financial privacy. It also blurs the public nature of policing, the prosecutorial burden of proof and the jurisdictional territoriality of criminal law. Its formation at the international level shows strong signs of supranationalism that challenges State sovereignty and the principle of consent in international law. This tension between money laundering law and traditional legal principles poses two related questions: (1) What is the reason for this apparent exceptionality of money laundering law?; and (2) How could the tension between law and principle be resolved? As conventional wisdom has it, understanding the law can-not be disassociated from its social context. Certainly, understanding money laundering law is only possible through an understanding of the process of social change that shaped it. During these past three decades "globalisation" characterised the process of social change that has been gathering momentum. It is this context that has instigated and shaped money laundering law. Globalisation has been propelled by both rapid technological innovation that rendered massive instantaneous communication possible as well as extensive processes of de-regulation and liberalisation. The combined effect of these developments was the emergence of non-state actors that operate across national borders and master substantial economic and informational power. Meanwhile, the State, as the primary agency of governance, has remained jurisdictionally territorial while becoming less dominantly powerful. Both features have resulted in a "governance crisis" and has turned globalisation into a "legal problematic. " The core thesis that emerges from this contextual analysis is that money laundering law is a response to globalisation as a legal problematic. As a solution, it employs six modalities of governance: de- glob alisation, extraterritorialisation, harmonisation, co-operation, privatisation and supranatinl-ql--,] -iq---ti,o, n, which are characterised by deviation from traditional legal principles. In terms of its modalities and their characteristics, money laundering law is not a unique response to the legal problematic. It is part of a current and general trend in legal governance. Resolving the tension between this trend and traditional legal principles is a two-way process that involves revising both the law and the principles. In presenting this thesis, the volume will be organised into seven chapters. Following ail introductory Chapter, Chapters Two and Three will analyse the legislative policy underlying money laundering law by conducting contextual and historical analysis. Chapters Four, Five and Six will expound upon the six modalities utilised by money laundering law to address the governance problem posed by globalisation. Finally, Chapter Seven will sum up the argument and suggest some direction for the future