14,493 research outputs found
The structural, mechanical, electronic, optical and thermodynamic properties of t-XAs (X Si, Ge and Sn) by first-principles calculations
The structural, mechanical, electronic, optical and thermodynamic properties
of the t-XAs (X Si, Ge and Sn) with
tetragonal structure have been investigated by first principles calculations.
Our calculated results show that these compounds are mechanically and
dynamically stable. By the study of elastic anisotropy, it is found that the
anisotropic of the t-SnAs is stronger than that
of t-SiAs and
t-GeAs. The band structures and density of states
show that the t-XAs (Si, Ge and Sn) are
semiconductors with narrow band gaps. Based on the analyses of electron density
difference, in t-XAs As atoms get electrons, X
atoms lose electrons. The calculated static dielectric constants,
, are 15.5, 20.0 and 15.1 eV for
t-XAs (X Si, Ge and Sn), respectively. The
Dulong-Petit limit of t-XAs is about 10 J
molK. The thermodynamic stability successively
decreases from t-SiAs to
t-GeAs to t-SnAs.Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures, 6 table
Recommendations and illustrations for the evaluation of photonic random number generators
The never-ending quest to improve the security of digital information
combined with recent improvements in hardware technology has caused the field
of random number generation to undergo a fundamental shift from relying solely
on pseudo-random algorithms to employing optical entropy sources. Despite these
significant advances on the hardware side, commonly used statistical measures
and evaluation practices remain ill-suited to understand or quantify the
optical entropy that underlies physical random number generation. We review the
state of the art in the evaluation of optical random number generation and
recommend a new paradigm: quantifying entropy generation and understanding the
physical limits of the optical sources of randomness. In order to do this, we
advocate for the separation of the physical entropy source from deterministic
post-processing in the evaluation of random number generators and for the
explicit consideration of the impact of the measurement and digitization
process on the rate of entropy production. We present the Cohen-Procaccia
estimate of the entropy rate as one way to do this. In order
to provide an illustration of our recommendations, we apply the Cohen-Procaccia
estimate as well as the entropy estimates from the new NIST draft standards for
physical random number generators to evaluate and compare three common optical
entropy sources: single photon time-of-arrival detection, chaotic lasers, and
amplified spontaneous emission
Physics and Applications of Laser Diode Chaos
An overview of chaos in laser diodes is provided which surveys experimental
achievements in the area and explains the theory behind the phenomenon. The
fundamental physics underpinning this behaviour and also the opportunities for
harnessing laser diode chaos for potential applications are discussed. The
availability and ease of operation of laser diodes, in a wide range of
configurations, make them a convenient test-bed for exploring basic aspects of
nonlinear and chaotic dynamics. It also makes them attractive for practical
tasks, such as chaos-based secure communications and random number generation.
Avenues for future research and development of chaotic laser diodes are also
identified.Comment: Published in Nature Photonic
Integrated Flat Plate Solar Thermoelectric System
A simple flat plate solar collector, which serves as a water heater and integrated to
thermoelectric modules, was put in place. The essence was to harness the same solar energy
that causes the bulk of heat gains to the building to heat water while at the same time the
unit acts as an air-conditioner and generator to drive air circulating fans. A space with six
occupants was considered for the study. A heat gain assessment was carried out to
determine the power required of the thermoelectric modules to match the space. A collector
size to power the modules, was then determined, constructed and the performance assessed.
With two glass covers, average maximum temperature of 1060C was recorded at mid clear
sky days on latitude 7°0'49" North, 6°30'14" East in the months of April to September.
Each of the thermoelectric element (TE) modules generated a voltage of 2V, enough to
power a fan and a number of light emitting diodes (LED). The performance of the system
was strongly dependent on the intensity of solar insolation and temperature difference of
hot and cold sides for the thermoelectric module. Integrated design suggested that all of the
device’s features and components were chosen to work in harmony with each other toward
the goal of creating a sustainable built environment. This encouraged attention to the
materials chosen so that they will age gracefully and require an appropriate amount of
maintenance over their lifetim
Polarised light stress analysis and laser scatter imaging for non-contact inspection of heat seals in food trays
This paper introduces novel non-contact methods for detecting faults in heat seals of food packages. Two alternative imaging technologies are investigated; laser scatter imaging and polarised light stress images. After segmenting the seal area from the rest of the respective image, a classifier is trained to detect faults in different regions of the seal area using features extracted from the pixels in the respective region. A very large set of candidate features, based on statistical information relating to the colour and texture of each region, is first extracted. Then an adaptive boosting algorithm (AdaBoost) is used to automatically select the best features for discriminating faults from non-faults. With this approach, different features can be selected and optimised for the different imaging methods. In experiments we compare the performance of classifiers trained using features extracted from laser scatter images only, polarised light stress images only, and a combination of both image types. The results show that the polarised light and laser scatter classifiers achieved accuracies of 96\% and 90\%, respectively, while the combination of both sensors achieved an accuracy of 95\%. These figures suggest that both systems have potential for commercial development
Limits on Fundamental Limits to Computation
An indispensable part of our lives, computing has also become essential to
industries and governments. Steady improvements in computer hardware have been
supported by periodic doubling of transistor densities in integrated circuits
over the last fifty years. Such Moore scaling now requires increasingly heroic
efforts, stimulating research in alternative hardware and stirring controversy.
To help evaluate emerging technologies and enrich our understanding of
integrated-circuit scaling, we review fundamental limits to computation: in
manufacturing, energy, physical space, design and verification effort, and
algorithms. To outline what is achievable in principle and in practice, we
recall how some limits were circumvented, compare loose and tight limits. We
also point out that engineering difficulties encountered by emerging
technologies may indicate yet-unknown limits.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, 1 tabl
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