Évaluation tridimensionnelle de la reconstruction du ligament croisé antérieur

Le ligament croisé antérieur (LCA) demeure un des ligaments du genou le plus souvent blessé. Un mauvais positionnement des tunnels osseux est souvent mis en cause dans les échecs de reconstructions du LCA. Une meilleure compréhension biomécanique du phénomène devient essentielle. Par l’utilisation de l’imagerie biplanaire stéréoradiographique à faible irradiation EOS , notre groupe a développé une méthode de reconstruction 3D permettant une description morphologique osseuse remarquable. Par l’entremise de ce système, un référentiel permet d’évaluer, de manière automatisée, précise et reproductible, le positionnement tridimensionnel des tunnels osseux. Notre groupe souhaite partager ce référentiel afin d’assister les chirurgiens orthopédistes à restaurer une biomécanique optimale dans les reconstructions du LCA.The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) remains one of the most injured ligament of the knee. Mispositioning the tunnels remains a common cause of ACL reconstruction failure. A better biomechanical description of this phenomenon is therefore essential. Using the low irradiation biplanar stereoradiographic EOStm imaging system, our group developed a 3D reconstruction method allowing a precise morphologic description of the knee. With this system, the tridimensional positioning of the femoral tunnel can be evaluated in a novel, computerized, precise and reproducible coordinate system. With this referential, our group wish to assist orthopedic surgeons in the restoration of optimal biomechanics in ACL reconstructions

Personalized Hip and Knee Joint Replacement

This open access book describes and illustrates the surgical techniques, implants, and technologies used for the purpose of personalized implantation of hip and knee components. This new and flourishing treatment philosophy offers important benefits over conventional systematic techniques, including component positioning appropriate to individual anatomy, improved surgical reproducibility and prosthetic performance, and a reduction in complications. The techniques described in the book aim to reproduce patients’ native anatomy and physiological joint laxity, thereby improving the prosthetic hip/knee kinematics and functional outcomes in the quest of the forgotten joint. They include kinematically aligned total knee/total hip arthroplasty, partial knee replacement, and hip resurfacing. The relevance of available and emerging technological tools for these personalized approaches is also explained, with coverage of, for example, robotics, computer-assisted surgery, and augmented reality. Contributions from surgeons who are considered world leaders in diverse fields of this novel surgical philosophy make this open access book will invaluable to a wide readership, from trainees at all levels to consultants practicing lower limb surger

A Novel Free Form Femoral Cutting Guide

Knee arthoplasty is a common procedure that requires the removal of damaged bone and cartilage from the distal femur so that a reconstructive implant may be installed. Traditionally, a five planar resection has been accomplished with a universal cutting box and navigated with either metal jigs or optically tracked computer navigation systems. Free form, or curved, resections have been made possible with surgical robots which control the resection pathway and serve as the navigation system. The free form femoral cutting guide serves as a non powered framework to guide a standard surgical drill along an anatomically defined pathway, resulting in the removal of distal femoral cartilage. It is fixed via attachment to a bone mounted base component, which is positioned with a patient specific jig. To operate, the surgeon slides the surgical drill along a pair of interlocked tracks. One track controls motion in the anteroposterior (AP) direction and one track controls motion in the mediolateral (ML) direction. Combining both motions results in the removal of cartilage from the area of the distal femur for unilateral or total knee arthoplasty

The Effect of Robotic Technology on Perioperative Outcomes in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Introduction Robotic technology has recently regained momentum in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) but the effects of this technology on accuracy of implant positioning, intraoperative soft tissue injury and postoperative functional rehabilitation remain unknown. The objectives of this research thesis were to compare a comprehensive range of radiological objectives and perioperative outcomes in conventional jig-based TKA versus robotic-arm assisted TKA, and use optical motion capture technology to quantify the effects of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) resection on knee biomechanics. Methods A series of prospective cohort studies were undertaken in patients with established knee osteoarthritis undergoing primary conventional jig-based TKA versus robotic-arm assisted TKA. Predefined radiological and perioperative study outcomes were recorded by independent observers. Optical motion capture technology during robotic TKA was used to quantify the effects of ACL and PCL resection on knee biomechanics. Results Robotic-arm assisted TKA was associated with improved accuracy of implant positioning, reduced periarticular soft tissue injury, decreased bone trauma, improved postoperative functional rehabilitation, and reduced early systemic inflammatory response compared to conventional jig-based TKA. The Macroscopic Soft Tissue Injury (MASTI) classification system was developed and validated for grading intraoperative periarticular soft tissue injury and bone trauma during TKA. ACL resection created flexion-extension mismatch by increasing the extension gap more than the flexion gap, whilst PCL resection increased the flexion gap proportionally more than the extension gap and created mediolateral laxity in knee flexion but not in extension. Conclusion Robotic-arm assisted TKA was associated with increased accuracy of implant positioning, reduced iatrogenic soft tissue injury, and improved functional rehabilitation compared to conventional jig-based TKA. ACL and PCL resections created unique changes in knee biomechanics that affected flexion-extension gaps and mediolateral soft tissue tension during TKA. On the basis of this thesis, further clinical trials have been established to determine the long-term clinical significance of these findings

Innovations in total knee replacement: new trends in operative treatment and changes in peri-operative management

The human knee joint can sustain damage due to injury, or more usually osteoarthritis, to one, two or all three of the knee compartments: the medial femorotibial, the lateral femorotibial and the patellofemoral compartments. When pain associated with this damage is unmanageable using nonsurgical techniques, knee replacement surgery might be the most appropriate course of action. This procedure aims to restore a pain-free, fully functional and durable knee joint. Total knee replacement is a well-established treatment modality, and more recently, partial knee replacement—more commonly known as bi- or unicompartmental knee replacement—has seen resurgence in interest and popularity. Combined with the use of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques, gender-specific prosthetics and computer-assisted navigation systems, orthopaedic surgeons are now able to offer patients knee replacement procedures that are associated with (1) minimal risks during and after surgery by avoiding fat embolism, reducing blood loss and minimising soft tissue disruption; (2) smaller incisions; (3) faster and less painful rehabilitation; (4) reduced hospital stay and faster return to normal activities of daily living; (5) an improved range of motion; (6) less requirement for analgesics; and (7) a durable, well-aligned, highly functional knee. With the ongoing advancements in surgical technique, medical technology and prosthesis design, knee replacement surgery is constantly evolving. This review provides a personal account of the recent innovations that have been made, with a particular emphasis on the potential use of MIS techniques combined with computer-assisted navigation systems to treat younger, more physically active patients with resurfacing partial/total implant knee arthroplasty

Improving surgical techniques and functional outcome in total knee arthroplasty

acceptedVersio

Non-invasive quantification of knee kinematics: a cadaver study

The ability to quantify kinematic parameters of the knee is crucial in understanding normal biomechanics, recognising the presence of pathology and its severity, planning treatment and evaluation of outcomes. Current methods of quantifying lower limb kinematics remain limited in allowing accurate dynamic assessment. Computer assisted surgery systems have been validated in quantifying kinematic parameters, but remain limited to the operative setting. Recently, image-free computer assisted surgery technology has been adapted for non-invasive use and validated in terms of repeatability in measuring coronal and sagittal femorotibial mechanical alignment in extension. The aim of this thesis was to develop and implement a set of validation protocols to quantify the reliability, precision and accuracy of this non-invasive technology in quantifying lower limb coronal and sagittal femorotibial mechanical alignment, anteroposterior and rotatory laxity of the knee by comparison with a validated, commercially available image-free computer assisted surgery system. Pilot study confirmed feasibility of further experimental work and revealed that the noninvasive method measured with satisfactory precision and accuracy: coronal mechanical femorotibial alignment (MFTA) from extension to 30° knee flexion, anteroposterior translation in extension and tibial rotatory laxity during flexion. Further experiments using 12 fresh cadaveric limbs revealed that the non-invasive method gave satisfactory precision and agreement with the invasive system measuring MFTA without stress from extension to 40° knee flexion, and with 15Nm coronal stress from extension to 30° knee flexion. Using 100N of anterior force on the tibia, the non-invasive system was acceptably precise and accurate in measuring sagittal tibial displacement from extension to 40° flexion. End of range apprehension, such as has been proven repeatable in measuring tibial rotatory laxity was used and the non-invasive method gave superior 3 precision and accuracy to most reported non-invasive devices in quantifying tibial rotatory range of motion. Non-invasive optical tracking systems provide a means to quantify important kinematic parameters in health and disease, and could allow standardisation of knee examination increasing communicability and translation of findings from the out-patient to operative setting. This technology therefore could allow restoration of individual specific kinematics in knee arthroplasty and soft-tissue reconstruction

Computer Assisted Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery

To create an environment where surgeons receive real-time feedback about their instrument position, computer technologies were integrated in surgical procedures. This type of surgical technology is referred to as Computer Assisted Surgery (CAS). CAS offers the possibility to continuously monitor the position of surgical instruments in relation to the patients anatomy intraoperatively. Therefore, the position of surgical instruments is superimposed virtually on single shot radiographic images in real time. This feature promises enhanced accuracy and consequently less morbidity combined with a reduction in radiation exposure. The goal of this thesis was to evaluate the hypothesis of high accuracy and reproducibility of CAS in orthopaedic and trauma surgery. In Chapter 3 the accuracy of the fluoroscopy based navigation system (Medivision, Oberdorf, CH.) was evaluated in a laboratory study performed in 20 sawbones of a proximal femur. The virtual position of the reamer appeared to be reliable in 97% of cases when considering an inaccuracy of = 2mm as clinically irrelevant. Chapter 4 describes the results of a cadaver study investigating the reliability and reproducibility of femoral anteversion angles and lengths provided by the navigation system (Medivision, Oberdorf, CH.) during femoral nailing. Length measurements provided by the navigation system showed to be reproducible and accurate enough for clinical use. The rotation measurements, however, were reproducible with a difference of almost six degrees but not accurate enough to prevent malrotation. In chapter 5 virtual planning of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) was analysed. Notch impingement and elongation for selected graft positioning could be predicted by displaying the kinematics of a virtual ACL on a monitor. This study indicated that computer assisted planning may reduce the inter-surgical variance to 5 mm for positioning the femoral and tibial tunnels. Moreover, the experience level of the surgeon did not effect the planning process. Chapter 6 describes the feasibility and pitfalls of CAS in the treatment of femoral neck fractures with a DHS in a small patients group. This study showed that fluoroscopy based navigation in the treatment of femoral neck fractures with a DHS is feasible. However, the technique used in this study was too complicated to use in daily practice. In Chapter 7 the results of CAS iliosacral screw fixations were compared with the results of a conventionally operated prospective control group. This study showed that fluoroscopy based CAS is a save and intuitive technique for performing posterior pelvic screw fixation. The fluoroscopy time was decreased with a factor 2.5. The use of the navigation system did not lead to a longer procedure time and may in the future even accelerate the procedure. In summary fluoroscopy based CAS is accurate enough to rely on in experimental and clinical situations. This thesis proved several clinical benefits for CAS when used for navigated guidewire insertion in iliosacral screw fixation compared with the conventional technique. The CAS femoral anteversion control module must be improved before clinical use. Computer-assisted ACL grafting has to be evaluated in a controlled study. However, it is to be expected that CAS will soon evaluate into a clinically accepted and mandatory technique in some fields of orthopaedic and trauma surger

DYNAMIC MEASUREMENT OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION FROM SINGLE-PERSPECTIVE TWO-DIMENSIONAL RADIOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

The digital evolution of the x-ray imaging modality has spurred the development of numerous clinical and research tools. This work focuses on the design, development, and validation of dynamic radiographic imaging and registration techniques to address two distinct medical applications: tracking during image-guided interventions, and the measurement of musculoskeletal joint kinematics. Fluoroscopy is widely employed to provide intra-procedural image-guidance. However, its planar images provide limited information about the location of surgical tools and targets in three-dimensional space. To address this limitation, registration techniques, which extract three-dimensional tracking and image-guidance information from planar images, were developed and validated in vitro. The ability to accurately measure joint kinematics in vivo is an important tool in studying both normal joint function and pathologies associated with injury and disease, however it still remains a clinical challenge. A technique to measure joint kinematics from single-perspective x-ray projections was developed and validated in vitro, using clinically available radiography equipmen