Performance Enhancement With Triangular Loop Frequency Selective Surface On Microstrip Array Antenna For 5G Application

The Fifth generation communication offers many benefits such as massive system capacity,very high data rate and low latency.Microstrip array antenna were popular due to the easiness of design and fabrication process.Besides, the microstrip array antenna is also popular for backhaul application. To enhance the performance of microstrip array antenna,the FSS has been integrated to the antenna structure.The Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) is based on metamaterial are the substitute to the fixed frequency metamaterials with static geometry and spacing in the unit cells used to find out the frequency response of a given metamaterial.FSS with specific geometrical shapes can be made-up as periodic arrays with elements of two dimensional.Antenna specification for return loss is below than -10 dB,but in practical field,the reflection coefficient of the signal always fluctuates,so it is giving unstable value for return loss.The directivity of the antenna depends on the antenna design.Since this antenna element is microstrip array antenna,the antenna performance will change by the additional patch.The integration with the FSS will be affected towards the return loss of the antenna.The design of antenna and Frequency Selective Surface is at 28 GHz on the Rogers Duroid RT5880 board with the thickness of substrate is 0.254 mm and copper thickness is 0.017 mm with dielectric constant of 2.2 and the tangent loss is 0.0009.The antennas was design from single patch antenna until 32-element patch array antenna by using the quarter wave theory to feed at 50 Ω,70 Ω and 100 Ω.The FSS design on this research was held on three designs which are triangular loop,hexagonal loop and rectangular loop.From the simulation the triangular loop had the best result on return loss is -30.832 dB at 28 GHz.The rectangular antenna has been choosen due to the best result on single design which is -49.48 dB,next the single design has evolved to 32-element patch array antenna and the result is decreased to -37.62 dB.The 32 -element patch array antenna are integrated with triangular loop FSS,the return loss is better which is -64.67 dB.The simulation is done using microwave CST software.The fabrication process involves the photo etching technique.The return loss measurement on integrated antenna with FSS gives a minimum resonant -43.55 dB at 28.45 GHz,slightly shifted from the simulation result.The antenna directivity was recorded of 21.7 dBi

Recent developments of reconfigurable antennas for 4G and 5G wireless communications: A survey

YesReconfigurable antennas play important roles in smart and adaptive systems and are the subject of many research studies. They offer several advantages such as multifunctional capabilities, minimized volume requirements, low front-end processing efforts with no need for a filtering element, good isolation, and sufficient out-ofband rejection; these make them well suited for use in wireless applications such as fourth generation (4G) and fifth generation (5G) mobile terminals. With the use of active materials such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), varactor or p-i-n (PIN) diodes, an antenna’s characteristics can be changed through altering the current flow on the antenna structure. If an antenna is to be reconfigurable into many different states, it needs to have an adequate number of active elements. However, a large number of high-quality active elements increases cost, and necessitates complex biasing networks and control circuitry. We review some recently proposed reconfigurable antenna designs suitable for use in wireless communications such as cognitiveratio (CR), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), ultra-wideband (UWB), and 4G/5G mobile terminals. Several examples of antennas with different reconfigurability functions are analyzed and their performances are compared. Characteristics and fundamental properties of reconfigurable antennas with single and multiple reconfigurability modes are investigated.European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722424

Millimeter-Wave Components and Antennas for Spatial and Polarization Diversity using PRGW Technology

The evolution of the wireless communication systems to the future generation is accompanied by a huge improvement in the system performance through providing a high data rate with low latency. These systems require access to millimeter wave (mmWave) bands, which offer several advantages such as physically smaller components and much wider bandwidthcomparedtomicrowavefrequencies. However, mmWavecomponentsstillneed a significant improvement to follow the rapid variations in future technologies. Although mmWave frequencies can carry more data, they are limited in terms of their penetration capabilities and their coverage range. Moreover, these frequencies avoid deploying traditional guiding technologies such as microstrip lines due to high radiation and material losses. Hence, utilizing new guiding structure techniques such as Printed Ridge Gap Waveguide (PRGW) is essential in future mmWave systems implementation. ThemainpurposeofthisthesisistodesignmmWavecomponents,antennasubsystems and utilize both in beam switching systems. The major mmWave components addressed in this thesis are hybrid coupler, crossover, and differential power divider where the host guidingstructureisthePRGW.Inaddition,variousdesignsfordifferentialfeedingPRGW antennas and antenna arrays are presented featuring wide bandwidth and high gain in mmWave band. Moreover, the integration of both the proposed components and the featured antennas is introduced. This can be considered as a significant step toward the requirements fulfillment of today's advanced communication systems enabling both space and polarization diversity. The proposed components are designed to meet the future ever-increasing consumer experience and technical requirements such as low loss, compact size, and low-cost fabrication. This directed the presented research to have a contribution into three major parts. The first part highlights the feeding structures, where mmWave PRGW directional couplers and differential feeding power divider are designed and validated. These components are among the most important passive elements of microwave circuits used in antennabeam-switchingnetworks. Different3-dBquadraturehybridcouplersandcrossover prototypes are proposed, featured with a compact size and a wide bandwidth beyond 10 % at 30 GHz. In the second part, a beam switching network implemented using hybrid couplers is presented. The proposed beam switching network is a 4 × 4 PRGW Butler matrix that used to feed a Magneto-electric (ME) dipole antenna array. As a result, a 2-D scanning antenna array with a compact size, wide bandwidth, and high radiation efficiency larger than84%isachieved. Furthergainenhancementof5dBiisachievedthroughdeployinga hybridgainenhancementtechniqueincludingAMCmushroomshapesaroundtheantenna array with a dielectric superstrate located in the broadside direction. The proposed scanning antenna array can be considered as a step toward the desired improvement in the data rate and coverage through enabling the space diversity for the communication link. The final activity is related to the development of high-gain wide-band mmWave antenna arrays for potential use in future mmWave applications. The first proposed configuration is a differential feeding circular polarized aperture antenna array implemented with PRGW technology. Differential feeding antenna designs offer more advantages than single- ended antennas for mmWave communications as they are easy to be integrated with differential mmWave monolithic ICs that have high common-mode rejection ratio providing an immunity of the environmental noise. The proposed differential feeding antenna array is designed and fabricated, which featured with a stable high gain and a high radiation efficiency over a wide bandwidth. Another proposed configuration is a dualpolarized ME-dipole PRGW antenna array for mmWave wireless communication. Dual polarizationisconsideredoneofthemostimportantantennasolutionsthatcansavecosts and space for modern communication systems. In addition, it is an effective strategy for multiple-input and multiple-output systems that can reduce the size of multiple antennas systems by utilizing extra orthogonal polarization. The proposed dual- polarized antenna array is designed to achieve a stable gain of 15 ± 1 dBi with low cross- polarization less than -30 dB over a wide frequency range of 20 % at 30 GHz

28 GHz Patch Antenna Array with Reduced Mutual Coupling for 5G Communications Systems

A 28 GHz patch antenna array with reduced mutual coupling for 5G communication systems is presented in this paper. Two elements antenna array was simulated with a periodic boundary to represent an infinity array. The antenna array is attached with a pair of the coupled directional coupler with a coupling value of -3.47 dB, and transmission lengths of 3.40 mm and 7.62 mm depending on the antenna array's magnitude and phase coefficient were designed and simulated. A reduced mutual coupling of -31.86 dB compared to -10.75 dB for an array without a decoupling network was observed. The wide scanning angle of ±180o was also achieved. These results were obtained under smaller antenna elements interspacing of 0.43 0. Moreover, the proposed antenna array design achieved a 3.32 GHz enhanced fractional bandwidth which is 11.8%. Generally, this work found that the combinatorial advantages of using the gap coupled insert feed technique and employing a pair of directional couplers develop the patch antenna array design with better performance

RANCANG BANGUN ANTENA MIKROSTRIP PITA LEBAR STRUKTUR MULTI SLOT UNTUK APLIKASI 5G

Pada penelitian ini dibuat desain antena mikrostrip dimensi kecil dan low profile pada rentang frekuensi yang lebar antara 23 sampai 33 GHz sesuai alternatif frekuensi yang dirilis oleh International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT)[1]. Struktur multi-slot sebagai salah satu metode pencapaian bandwidth lebar[2]. Simulasi menggunakan software Ansoft HFSS v17, material substrate dielectric FR-4 Epoxy (permitivitas relative = 4.4). Hasil simulasi diwujudkan dalam bentuk rancang bangun antena pada sebuah printed circuit board (PCB) dual layer. Plot hasil desain antena multi-slot yang menunjukkan performansi sebuah rancangan antena ditunjukkan dengan nilai voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) terendah dicapai pada frekuensi 29.27 GHz sebesar 1.10 pada tahap simulasi dan 1.19 pada tahap ekseprimen pada frekuensi 29.3 GHz , sedangkan pada frekuensi terbawah dan teratas diperoleh VSWR sebesar 1.99, refflection coefficient (S11) pada frekuensi 29.27 GHz berada pada nilai -10.10 dB dan pada frekuensi 33.61 GHz pada nilai S11 -10.05 dB, pola radiasi dua dimensi (2D) dan tiga dimensi (3D) menunjukkan pola radiasi dengan direktivitas yang terarah. Disimpulkan bahwa antena mikrostrip struktur multi slot bekerja dengan baik pada rentang frekuensi yang lebar (wideband) sebesar 10 GHz dengan frekuensi bawah 23 GHz dan frekuensi atas 33 GHz pada tahapan simulasi sedangkan pada tahapan eksperimen diperoleh bandwidth selebar 2900 MHz  dengan frekuensi bawah 28.6 GHz dan frekuensi atas 31.5 GHz. Rentang frekuensi tersebut masuk dalam range daerah kerja 5G sesuai dengan rencana implementasi 5G di Indonesi

Dual Band Slotted Printed Circular Patch Antenna With Superstrate and EBG Structure for 5G Applications

Slotted circular printed layered patch antenna is designed, simulated and fabricated for 5G (Fifth Generation) wireless communication applications. The antenna consists of slots in the main radiating circular patch element for miniaturizing the size of the radiating element and providing dual band radiation characteristics. The feed line is separated on bottom substrate layer with EBG (Electromagnetic Band-Gap) embedded for enhancing the gain characteristics of the antenna. Superstrate layer is also used for improving the gain of the antenna where the distance from the radiating antenna element is optimized for maximizing the impedance bandwidth and radiation characteristics. The feed realization and impedance matching of the radiating slotted circular patch antenna is done by inducing slot at the middle ground plane of the slot embedded circular patch antenna system. The proposed configuration provides power radiation gain values of more than 5 dB for the Ka band of communications, whereas the impedance bandwidth of the antenna is verified for the dual resonances at 27.5 and 28.5 GHz. Dual band radiation characteristics are attained by embedding and optimizing the slot length and width in the circular patch radiator element that is placed on the upper face of the substrate RT Rogers Duroid 5880 layer. The length of the microstrip feed line embedded in the lower layer of the substrate is optimized for providing required bandwidth characteristics for the dual frequency point radiations. The antenna configuration is designed, modeled and simulated in CST (Central Standard Time) Microwave studio. The antenna is fabricated and measured vs simulated frequency response, gain patterns and current density plots are presented for the verification of antenna operation in the desired frequency bands

An Analysis of Non-Periodic AMCs Structure on Array Antenna at 28 GHz

In this work, two designs of a 16x1 array antenna with non-periodic AMCs structures are designed at a frequency of the 28 GHz. Four types of AMC pattern are designed and arranged to the upper and lower sides of the substrate surface. The AMCs are arranged unevenly by size and shape of the designs. Both designs of the antenna with AMCs are compared with the antenna without AMC. In comparison, between the proposed designs of 16x1 array antenna integrated with AMC and antenna without AMC, it shows that there is slightly enhancement of the antenna performance in terms of gain, bandwidth and side lobe level. The maximum of gain is 19.33 dB compared to the antenna without AMC of 18.61 dB. The bandwidth is increased up to 1 GHz, which meet the requirement at the frequency of 28 GHz The side lobe level is reduced from -16.7 dB to -19.1 dB and -16.7 dB to -20.3 dB for both designs antenna with AMCs when compared to the antenna without AMC. It can be seen that, the antenna integrated with AMC able to use at 5G technology without adding any layer and the thickness of the antenna

mmWave polarization diversity wideband multiple-input/multiple-output antenna system with symmetrical geometry for future compact devices

The fifth generation (5G) of mobile networks is a significant technological advancement in telecommunications that provides faster data speeds, lower latency, and greater network capacity. One of the key technologies that enables 5G is multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems, which allow for the transmission and reception of multiple data streams simultaneously, improving network performance and efficiency. MIMO is essential to meeting the demand for higher data rates and improved network performance in 5G networks. This work presents a four-element MIMO antenna system dedicated to the upper 5G millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum. The suggested antenna system is designed using an ultra-thin RO5880 substrate having total dimensions of 20 x 20 x 0.254 mm(3) with symmetrical geometry. The proposed antenna covers a fractional bandwidth of 46.875% (25-38 GHz), covering potential 5G bands of 26, 28, and 32 GHz, and offers isolation of >18 dB. The proposed MIMO system is fabricated and tested in-house. The antenna showed efficiency >88% at the potential band of interest and a peak gain of 3.5 dBi. The orthogonal arrangement of the resonating elements provides polarization diversity. Also, the MIMO parameters obtained, such as mean effective gain (MEG), envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), channel capacity loss (CCL), and total active reflection coefficient (TARC), are found to have good performance. The measured results obtained are found to be in good agreement with simulations, hence making the proposed MIMO antenna suitable for handheld mmWave 5G devices.Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi

A novel EBG structure to improve isolation in MIMO antenna

25th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference, SIU 2017 -- 15 May 2017 through 18 May 2017 -- 128703A new, and advanced Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structure is reported to reduce the mutual coupling between two tightly spaced rectangular patch antennas. The EBG structure provides more than 20 dB reduction in mutual coupling without degrading far-field patterns, gain, or bandwidth.IEEE Antennas & Propagation SocietyInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.Ultra Safe Nuclear Corporatio