Data Collection Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

In recent years, wireless sensor networks have became the effective solutions for a wide range of IoT applications. The major task of this network is data collection, which is the process of sensing the environment, collecting relevant data, and sending them to the server or BS. In this chapter, classification of data collection protocols are presented with the help of different parameters such as network lifetime, energy, fault tolerance, and latency. To achieve these parameters, different techniques such as multi-hop, clustering, duty cycling, network coding, aggregation, sink mobility, directional antennas, and cross-layer solutions have been analyzed. The drawbacks of these techniques are discussed. Finally, the future work for routing protocols in wireless sensor networks is discussed

Towards video streaming in IoT environments: vehicular communication perspective

Multimedia oriented Internet of Things (IoT) enables pervasive and real-time communication of video, audio and image data among devices in an immediate surroundings. Today's vehicles have the capability of supporting real time multimedia acquisition. Vehicles with high illuminating infrared cameras and customized sensors can communicate with other on-road devices using dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) and 5G enabled communication technologies. Real time incidence of both urban and highway vehicular traffic environment can be captured and transmitted using vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication modes. Video streaming in vehicular IoT (VSV-IoT) environments is in growing stage with several challenges that need to be addressed ranging from limited resources in IoT devices, intermittent connection in vehicular networks, heterogeneous devices, dynamism and scalability in video encoding, bandwidth underutilization in video delivery, and attaining application-precise quality of service in video streaming. In this context, this paper presents a comprehensive review on video streaming in IoT environments focusing on vehicular communication perspective. Specifically, significance of video streaming in vehicular IoT environments is highlighted focusing on integration of vehicular communication with 5G enabled IoT technologies, and smart city oriented application areas for VSV-IoT. A taxonomy is presented for the classification of related literature on video streaming in vehicular network environments. Following the taxonomy, critical review of literature is performed focusing on major functional model, strengths and weaknesses. Metrics for video streaming in vehicular IoT environments are derived and comparatively analyzed in terms of their usage and evaluation capabilities. Open research challenges in VSV-IoT are identified as future directions of research in the area. The survey would benefit both IoT and vehicle industry practitioners and researchers, in terms of augmenting understanding of vehicular video streaming and its IoT related trends and issues

Exploiting the power of multiplicity: a holistic survey of network-layer multipath

The Internet is inherently a multipath network: For an underlying network with only a single path, connecting various nodes would have been debilitatingly fragile. Unfortunately, traditional Internet technologies have been designed around the restrictive assumption of a single working path between a source and a destination. The lack of native multipath support constrains network performance even as the underlying network is richly connected and has redundant multiple paths. Computer networks can exploit the power of multiplicity, through which a diverse collection of paths is resource pooled as a single resource, to unlock the inherent redundancy of the Internet. This opens up a new vista of opportunities, promising increased throughput (through concurrent usage of multiple paths) and increased reliability and fault tolerance (through the use of multiple paths in backup/redundant arrangements). There are many emerging trends in networking that signify that the Internet's future will be multipath, including the use of multipath technology in data center computing; the ready availability of multiple heterogeneous radio interfaces in wireless (such as Wi-Fi and cellular) in wireless devices; ubiquity of mobile devices that are multihomed with heterogeneous access networks; and the development and standardization of multipath transport protocols such as multipath TCP. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive survey of the literature on network-layer multipath solutions. We will present a detailed investigation of two important design issues, namely, the control plane problem of how to compute and select the routes and the data plane problem of how to split the flow on the computed paths. The main contribution of this paper is a systematic articulation of the main design issues in network-layer multipath routing along with a broad-ranging survey of the vast literature on network-layer multipathing. We also highlight open issues and identify directions for future work

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Guiding readers through the basics of these rapidly emerging networks to more advanced concepts and future expectations, Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Current Status and Future Trends identifies and examines the most pressing research issues in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Containing the contributions of leading researchers, industry professionals, and academics, this forward-looking reference provides an authoritative perspective of the state of the art in MANETs. The book includes surveys of recent publications that investigate key areas of interest such as limited resources and the mobility of mobile nodes. It considers routing, multicast, energy, security, channel assignment, and ensuring quality of service. Also suitable as a text for graduate students, the book is organized into three sections: Fundamentals of MANET Modeling and Simulation—Describes how MANETs operate and perform through simulations and models Communication Protocols of MANETs—Presents cutting-edge research on key issues, including MAC layer issues and routing in high mobility Future Networks Inspired By MANETs—Tackles open research issues and emerging trends Illustrating the role MANETs are likely to play in future networks, this book supplies the foundation and insight you will need to make your own contributions to the field. It includes coverage of routing protocols, modeling and simulations tools, intelligent optimization techniques to multicriteria routing, security issues in FHAMIPv6, connecting moving smart objects to the Internet, underwater sensor networks, wireless mesh network architecture and protocols, adaptive routing provision using Bayesian inference, and adaptive flow control in transport layer using genetic algorithms

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Guiding readers through the basics of these rapidly emerging networks to more advanced concepts and future expectations, Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Current Status and Future Trends identifies and examines the most pressing research issues in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Containing the contributions of leading researchers, industry professionals, and academics, this forward-looking reference provides an authoritative perspective of the state of the art in MANETs. The book includes surveys of recent publications that investigate key areas of interest such as limited resources and the mobility of mobile nodes. It considers routing, multicast, energy, security, channel assignment, and ensuring quality of service. Also suitable as a text for graduate students, the book is organized into three sections: Fundamentals of MANET Modeling and Simulation—Describes how MANETs operate and perform through simulations and models Communication Protocols of MANETs—Presents cutting-edge research on key issues, including MAC layer issues and routing in high mobility Future Networks Inspired By MANETs—Tackles open research issues and emerging trends Illustrating the role MANETs are likely to play in future networks, this book supplies the foundation and insight you will need to make your own contributions to the field. It includes coverage of routing protocols, modeling and simulations tools, intelligent optimization techniques to multicriteria routing, security issues in FHAMIPv6, connecting moving smart objects to the Internet, underwater sensor networks, wireless mesh network architecture and protocols, adaptive routing provision using Bayesian inference, and adaptive flow control in transport layer using genetic algorithms

QoE-Centric Control and Management of Multimedia Services in Software Defined and Virtualized Networks

Multimedia services consumption has increased tremendously since the deployment of 4G/LTE networks. Mobile video services (e.g., YouTube and Mobile TV) on smart devices are expected to continue to grow with the emergence and evolution of future networks such as 5G. The end user’s demand for services with better quality from service providers has triggered a trend towards Quality of Experience (QoE) - centric network management through efficient utilization of network resources. However, existing network technologies are either unable to adapt to diverse changing network conditions or limited in available resources. This has posed challenges to service providers for provisioning of QoE-centric multimedia services. New networking solutions such as Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) can provide better solutions in terms of QoE control and management of multimedia services in emerging and future networks. The features of SDN, such as adaptability, programmability and cost-effectiveness make it suitable for bandwidth-intensive multimedia applications such as live video streaming, 3D/HD video and video gaming. However, the delivery of multimedia services over SDN/NFV networks to achieve optimized QoE, and the overall QoE-centric network resource management remain an open question especially in the advent development of future softwarized networks. The work in this thesis intends to investigate, design and develop novel approaches for QoE-centric control and management of multimedia services (with a focus on video streaming services) over software defined and virtualized networks. First, a video quality management scheme based on the traffic intensity under Dynamic Adaptive Video Streaming over HTTP (DASH) using SDN is developed. The proposed scheme can mitigate virtual port queue congestion which may cause buffering or stalling events during video streaming, thus, reducing the video quality. A QoE-driven resource allocation mechanism is designed and developed for improving the end user’s QoE for video streaming services. The aim of this approach is to find the best combination of network node functions that can provide an optimized QoE level to end-users through network node cooperation. Furthermore, a novel QoE-centric management scheme is proposed and developed, which utilizes Multipath TCP (MPTCP) and Segment Routing (SR) to enhance QoE for video streaming services over SDN/NFV-based networks. The goal of this strategy is to enable service providers to route network traffic through multiple disjointed bandwidth-satisfying paths and meet specific service QoE guarantees to the end-users. Extensive experiments demonstrated that the proposed schemes in this work improve the video quality significantly compared with the state-of-the- art approaches. The thesis further proposes the path protections and link failure-free MPTCP/SR-based architecture that increases survivability, resilience, availability and robustness of future networks. The proposed path protection and dynamic link recovery scheme achieves a minimum time to recover from a failed link and avoids link congestion in softwarized networks

An Energy-Efficient Multi-Cloud Service Broker for Green Cloud Computing Environment

The heavy demands on cloud computing resources have led to a substantial growth in energy consumption of the data transferred between cloud computing parties (i.e., providers, datacentres, users, and services) and in datacentre’s services due to the increasing loads on these services. From one hand, routing and transferring large amounts of data into a datacentre located far from the user’s geographical location consume more energy than just processing and storing the same data on the cloud datacentre. On the other hand, when a cloud user submits a job (in the form of a set of functional and non-functional requirements) to a cloud service provider (aka, datacentre) via a cloud services broker; the broker becomes responsible to find the best-fit service to the user request based mainly on the user’s requirements and Quality of Service (QoS) (i.e., response time, latency). Hence, it becomes a high necessity to locate the lowest energy consumption route between the user and the designated datacentre; and the minimum possible number of most energy efficient services that satisfy the user request. In fact, finding the most energy-efficient route to the datacentre, and most energy efficient service(s) to the user are the biggest challenges of multi-cloud broker’s environment. This thesis presents and evaluates a novel multi-cloud broker solution that contains three innovative models and their associated algorithms. The first one is aimed at finding the most energy efficient route, among multiple possible routes, between the user and cloud datacentre. The second model is to find and provide the lowest possible number of most energy efficient services in order to minimise data exchange based on a bin-packing approach. The third model creates an energy-aware composition plan by integrating the most energy efficient services, in order to fulfil user requirements. The results demonstrated a favourable performance of these models in terms of selecting the most energy efficient route and reaching the least possible number of services for an optimum and energy efficient composition

Security and Privacy for Modern Wireless Communication Systems

The aim of this reprint focuses on the latest protocol research, software/hardware development and implementation, and system architecture design in addressing emerging security and privacy issues for modern wireless communication networks. Relevant topics include, but are not limited to, the following: deep-learning-based security and privacy design; covert communications; information-theoretical foundations for advanced security and privacy techniques; lightweight cryptography for power constrained networks; physical layer key generation; prototypes and testbeds for security and privacy solutions; encryption and decryption algorithm for low-latency constrained networks; security protocols for modern wireless communication networks; network intrusion detection; physical layer design with security consideration; anonymity in data transmission; vulnerabilities in security and privacy in modern wireless communication networks; challenges of security and privacy in node–edge–cloud computation; security and privacy design for low-power wide-area IoT networks; security and privacy design for vehicle networks; security and privacy design for underwater communications networks

An Embryonics Inspired Architecture for Resilient Decentralised Cloud Service Delivery

Data-driven artificial intelligence applications arising from Internet of Things technologies can have profound wide-reaching societal benefits at the cross-section of the cyber and physical domains. Usecases are expanding rapidly. For example, smart-homes and smart-buildings provide intelligent monitoring, resource optimisation, safety, and security for their inhabitants. Smart cities can manage transport, waste, energy, and crime on large scales. Whilst smart-manufacturing can autonomously produce goods through the self-management of factories and logistics. As these use-cases expand further, the requirement to ensure data is processed accurately and timely is ever crucial, as many of these applications are safety critical. Where loss off life and economic damage is a likely possibility in the event of system failure. While the typical service delivery paradigm, cloud computing, is strong due to operating upon economies of scale, their physical proximity to these applications creates network latency which is incompatible with these safety critical applications. To complicate matters further, the environments they operate in are becoming increasingly hostile. With resource-constrained and mobile wireless networking, commonplace. These issues drive the need for new service delivery architectures which operate closer to, or even upon, the network devices, sensors and actuators which compose these IoT applications at the network edge. These hostile and resource constrained environments require adaptation of traditional cloud service delivery models to these decentralised mobile and wireless environments. Such architectures need to provide persistent service delivery within the face of a variety of internal and external changes or: resilient decentralised cloud service delivery. While the current state of the art proposes numerous techniques to enhance the resilience of services in this manner, none provide an architecture which is capable of providing data processing services in a cloud manner which is inherently resilient. Adopting techniques from autonomic computing, whose characteristics are resilient by nature, this thesis presents a biologically-inspired platform modelled on embryonics. Embryonic systems have an ability to self-heal and self-organise whilst showing capacity to support decentralised data processing. An initial model for embryonics-inspired resilient decentralised cloud service delivery is derived according to both the decentralised cloud, and resilience requirements given for this work. Next, this model is simulated using cellular automata, which illustrate the embryonic concept’s ability to provide self-healing service delivery under varying system component loss. This highlights optimisation techniques, including: application complexity bounds, differentiation optimisation, self-healing aggression, and varying system starting conditions. All attributes of which can be adjusted to vary the resilience performance of the system depending upon different resource capabilities and environmental hostilities. Next, a proof-of-concept implementation is developed and validated which illustrates the efficacy of the solution. This proof-of-concept is evaluated on a larger scale where batches of tests highlighted the different performance criteria and constraints of the system. One key finding was the considerable quantity of redundant messages produced under successful scenarios which were helpful in terms of enabling resilience yet could increase network contention. Therefore balancing these attributes are important according to use-case. Finally, graph-based resilience algorithms were executed across all tests to understand the structural resilience of the system and whether this enabled suitable measurements or prediction of the application’s resilience. Interestingly this study highlighted that although the system was not considered to be structurally resilient, the applications were still being executed in the face of many continued component failures. This highlighted that the autonomic embryonic functionality developed was succeeding in executing applications resiliently. Illustrating that structural and application resilience do not necessarily coincide. Additionally, one graph metric, assortativity, was highlighted as being predictive of application resilience, although not structural resilience