The Philosophy of Perception: An explanation of Realism, Idealism and the Nature of Reality

This paper investigates the nature of reality by looking at the philosophical debate between realism and idealism and at scientific investigations in quantum physics and at recent studies of animal senses, neurology and cognitive psychology. The concept of perceptual relativity is examined and this involves looking at sense perception in other animals and various examples of perceptual relativity in science. It will be concluded that the universe is observer dependent and that there is no reality independent of the observer, which is knowable to the observer. The paper concludes by an investigation of what an observer dependent universe would be like and that recognition of an observer dependent world would lead to a more open minded and tolerant world

METAFORA TEMBANG-TEMBANG JAWA

Abstract The problem of metaphore is the reality of creative power of language and in the metaphore there is something spoken and compared. There is a distance between tenor and vehicle which is very interesting. The more distant the more expressive the meaning of metaphore. Metaphore is consist of four kinds, they are anthropomorphic, animal, abstract to concret and the opposite, and sinesthetic. These kinds of metaphore are for knowing how the perception about static space predicted as human being, animal or other creatures and there is the change of concept causing the resemblance of the perceptual and physical meanings. Metaphore is still interesting for the linguists because it is viewed as a process of transference between two conditions or experiences based on the association each others

Animal Rights Philosophy versus Biological Reality

Veterinary medicine stands opposed to the concept of animal rights, although a number will readily contest this statement. Opposition comes from a misunderstanding of the veterinarian\u27s role in society and a lack of knowledge of what the animal rights philosophy demands. Properly understood, it is diametrically opposed to the Veterinarian\u27s Oath, which enjoins us to participate in the advancement of medical knowledge. We cannot do this and meet the demands of the animal rights movement

Organic livestock production - trapped between aroused consumer expectations and limited resources

Literature reviews reveal that the implementation of organic standards have failed to clearly improve status of animal health and welfare on many farms in comparison to conventional production. The a huge variability with respect to this issue between organic farms indicate profound discrepancies between claim and reality of organic livestock farming. Thus, the hypothesis that the implementation of minimum standards will automatically provide benefits for the issue of animal health and welfare has been refuted by farm practice. As a consequence, organic farmers and retailers can no longer stick to the claim that organic products of animal origin are of higher value with respect to the issue of animal health and welfare. Reasons for the limited effects of the organic standards are multi-factorial and assumed to be farm specific in the fist place. On the other hand, limited availability of resources such as nutrients, labour time and investments within organic farm systems together with a high pressure on the production costs by retailers make any improvments very difficult. In order to preserve the credibility of organic agriculture and the confidence of the consumers in organic products there is a need for more transparency and for a change in the paradigm from a standard-oriented to an output-oriented approach. Credible information about the specific level of product and process qualities emerged by each farm has to be provided. Simultaneously, a high level of animal health and welfare has to be honoured by premium prices to cover the additional costs and efforts that are needed to improve the current situation

Advancements in combining electronic animal identification and augmented reality technologies in digital livestock farming

Modern livestock farm technologies allow operators to have access to a multitude of data thanks to the high number of mobile and fixed sensors available on both the livestock farming machinery and the animals. These data can be consulted via PC, tablet, and smartphone, which must be handheld by the operators, leading to an increase in the time needed for on-field activities. In this scenario, the use of augmented reality smart glasses could allow the visualization of data directly in the field, providing for a hands-free environment for the operator to work. Nevertheless, to visualize specific animal information, a connection between the augmented reality smart glasses and electronic animal identification is needed. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to develop and test a wearable framework, called SmartGlove that is able to link RFID animal tags and augmented reality smart glasses via a Bluetooth connection, allowing the visualization of specific animal data directly in the field. Moreover, another objective of the study was to compare different levels of augmented reality technologies (assisted reality vs. mixed reality) to assess the most suitable solution for livestock management scenarios. For this reason, the developed framework and the related augmented reality smart glasses applications were tested in the laboratory and in the field. Furthermore, the stakeholders’ point of view was analyzed using two standard questionnaires, the NASA-Task Load Index and the IBM-Post Study System Usability Questionnaire. The outcomes of the laboratory tests underlined promising results regarding the operating performances of the developed framework, showing no significant differences if compared to a commercial RFID reader. During the on-field trial, all the tested systems were capable of performing the task in a short time frame. Furthermore, the operators underlined the advantages of using the SmartGlove system coupled with the augmented reality smart glasses for the direct on-field visualization of animal data

Are sexes natural kinds?

Asking whether the sexes are natural kinds amounts to asking whether the categories, female and male, identify real divisions in nature, like the distinctions between biological species, or whether they mark merely artificial or arbitrary distinctions. The distinction between females and males in the animal kingdom is based on the relative size of the gametes they produce, with females producing larger gametes (ova) and males producing smaller gametes (sperm). This chapter argues that the properties of producing relatively large and small gametes are causally correlated with a range of other properties in a wide variety of organisms, and this is what makes females and males natural kinds in the animal kingdom. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relationship between sex and gender: while the difference between the sexes is biologically grounded, the difference between genders is socially based. Since gender depends in part on the perception of sex, whether or not gender is real or not does not depend on whether sex is, since social reality is constituted in part by our perceptions. The claim that sexes are natural kinds in the animal kingdom does not imply that the biological differences among female and male humans do and should have social consequences

Some aspects of grazing ecosystems : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science at Massey University

The conversion of plant material to meat and milk by ruminants is one of the main ways in which the demand for energy and more especially protein for human consumption is met. While research in soil, plant and animal sciences is all more or less relevant to this conversion process a considerable amount of the agricultural research effort in Australasia has been directed more specifically to the grazing situation. Much of this work has been concerned with specific components of the grazing ecosystem such as the factors limiting pasture production (Brougham 1968), the definition of those plant factors contributing to nutritive value (Butler et al. 1968; Minson 1968), animal nutrition (Moir 1968) and pasture establishment (Swain 1968). While such research is basic to the understanding of the processes operating within a grazing system it must be complimented by a recognition of the interactions which exist within such grazing ecosystems and the way in which such interactions can affect interpretation of evidence from isolated parts of the grazing ecosystem. For example, the adoption of defoliation systems based on evidence from experiments of which grazing animals are not an integral part is often difficult to reconcile with the reality of having to graze a more or less fixed number of animals on a fixed area of land over a long period of time (Campbell 1969). In an effort to take account of the interactions which may invalidate conclusions based on evidence from component parts of the grazing ecosystem, the "whole-farm" approach to experimentation has been evolved. However in many cases such experiments have been designed to study the importance of different management factors on animal production from a given area of land (McMeekan 1961; Willoughby 1968) rather than to study the inter-relationships occurring between the soil, plant and animal components of the ecosystem. For example there is little information available on these inter-relationships from over 150 experiments of this kind carried out in Australia, evaluation of treatments having been carried out almost entirely in terms of animal production (Allden 1968)

Virtual Reality-Based Learning about "Animals Recognition" and Its Influence on Students' Understanding

The development of Educational technology has experienced a rapid increase which has consciously contributed positively to the motivation for learning achievement, as well as virtual reality media which can bring reality into learning activities. The aim of this research is to produce virtual reality media for learning to know animal’ diversity. This research type is Research and Development with the ADDIE’ developing model which consists 5 steps : 1. Analysis, 2. Design, 3. Development, 4. Impelmentation, 5. Evaluation. The research subject consists of media experts, material experts, teachers, and 27 elementary school second-grade students. Data collection techniques consist of tests and non-tests, with interview guidelines, questionnaires, and test instruments for data analysis tailored to each instrument using average, descriptive, and n-gain. Research results show that Virtual Reality products are declared suitable for use as learning media and are effective in increasing students' understanding of animal introduction for elementary school students. The results of assessments by media experts, material experts, and teachers also showed that these media belong to the category of "appropriate" to be used as learning media. In addition, the media is also included in the "effective" category to help students understand material about animal recognition based on n-gain analysis