208 research outputs found
Design and enhanced evaluation of a robust anaphor resolution algorithm
Syntactic coindexing restrictions are by now known to be of central importance to practical anaphor resolution approaches. Since, in particular due to structural ambiguity, the assumption of the availability of a unique syntactic reading proves to be unrealistic, robust anaphor resolution relies on techniques to overcome this deficiency.
This paper describes the ROSANA approach, which generalizes the verification of coindexing restrictions in order to make it applicable to the deficient syntactic descriptions that are provided by a robust state-of-the-art parser. By a formal evaluation on two corpora that differ with respect to text genre and domain, it is shown that ROSANA achieves high-quality robust coreference resolution. Moreover, by an in-depth analysis, it is proven that the robust implementation of syntactic disjoint reference is nearly optimal. The study reveals that, compared with approaches that rely on shallow preprocessing, the largely nonheuristic disjoint reference algorithmization opens up the possibility/or a slight improvement. Furthermore, it is shown that more significant gains are to be expected elsewhere, particularly from a text-genre-specific choice of preference strategies.
The performance study of the ROSANA system crucially rests on an enhanced evaluation methodology for coreference resolution systems, the development of which constitutes the second major contribution o/the paper. As a supplement to the model-theoretic scoring scheme that was developed for the Message Understanding Conference (MUC) evaluations, additional evaluation measures are defined that, on one hand, support the developer of anaphor resolution systems, and, on the other hand, shed light on application aspects of pronoun interpretation
Translation of Pronominal Anaphora between English and Spanish: Discrepancies and Evaluation
This paper evaluates the different tasks carried out in the translation of
pronominal anaphora in a machine translation (MT) system. The MT interlingua
approach named AGIR (Anaphora Generation with an Interlingua Representation)
improves upon other proposals presented to date because it is able to translate
intersentential anaphors, detect co-reference chains, and translate Spanish
zero pronouns into English---issues hardly considered by other systems. The
paper presents the resolution and evaluation of these anaphora problems in AGIR
with the use of different kinds of knowledge (lexical, morphological,
syntactic, and semantic). The translation of English and Spanish anaphoric
third-person personal pronouns (including Spanish zero pronouns) into the
target language has been evaluated on unrestricted corpora. We have obtained a
precision of 80.4% and 84.8% in the translation of Spanish and English
pronouns, respectively. Although we have only studied the Spanish and English
languages, our approach can be easily extended to other languages such as
Portuguese, Italian, or Japanese
Anaphora resolution for Arabic machine translation :a case study of nafs
PhD ThesisIn the age of the internet, email, and social media there is an increasing need for processing online information, for example, to support education and business. This has led to the rapid development of natural language processing technologies such as computational linguistics, information retrieval, and data mining. As a branch of computational linguistics, anaphora resolution has attracted much interest. This is reflected in the large number of papers on the topic published in journals such as Computational Linguistics. Mitkov (2002) and Ji et al. (2005) have argued that the overall quality of anaphora resolution systems remains low, despite practical advances in the area, and that major challenges include dealing with real-world knowledge and accurate parsing.
This thesis investigates the following research question: can an algorithm be found for the resolution of the anaphor nafs in Arabic text which is accurate to at least 90%, scales linearly with text size, and requires a minimum of knowledge resources? A resolution algorithm intended to satisfy these criteria is proposed. Testing on a corpus of contemporary Arabic shows that it does indeed satisfy the criteria.Egyptian Government
Comparing knowledge sources for nominal anaphora resolution
We compare two ways of obtaining lexical knowledge for antecedent selection in other-anaphora
and definite noun phrase coreference. Specifically, we compare an algorithm that relies on links
encoded in the manually created lexical hierarchy WordNet and an algorithm that mines corpora
by means of shallow lexico-semantic patterns. As corpora we use the British National
Corpus (BNC), as well as the Web, which has not been previously used for this task. Our
results show that (a) the knowledge encoded in WordNet is often insufficient, especially for
anaphor-antecedent relations that exploit subjective or context-dependent knowledge; (b) for
other-anaphora, the Web-based method outperforms the WordNet-based method; (c) for definite
NP coreference, the Web-based method yields results comparable to those obtained using
WordNet over the whole dataset and outperforms the WordNet-based method on subsets of the
dataset; (d) in both case studies, the BNC-based method is worse than the other methods because
of data sparseness. Thus, in our studies, the Web-based method alleviated the lexical knowledge
gap often encountered in anaphora resolution, and handled examples with context-dependent relations
between anaphor and antecedent. Because it is inexpensive and needs no hand-modelling
of lexical knowledge, it is a promising knowledge source to integrate in anaphora resolution systems
Anaphora Resolution and Text Retrieval
Empirical approaches based on qualitative or quantitative methods of corpus linguistics have become a central paradigm within linguistics. The series takes account of this fact and provides a platform for approaches within synchronous linguistics as well as interdisciplinary works with a linguistic focus which devise new ways of working empirically and develop new data-based methods and theoretical models for empirical linguistic analyses
Event extraction of bacteria biotopes: a knowledge-intensive NLP-based approach
International audienceBackground: Bacteria biotopes cover a wide range of diverse habitats including animal and plant hosts, natural, medical and industrial environments. The high volume of publications in the microbiology domain provides a rich source of up-to-date information on bacteria biotopes. This information, as found in scientific articles, is expressed in natural language and is rarely available in a structured format, such as a database. This information is of great importance for fundamental research and microbiology applications (e.g., medicine, agronomy, food, bioenergy). The automatic extraction of this information from texts will provide a great benefit to the field
Linguistics parameters for zero anaphora resolution
Dissertação de mest., Natural Language Processing and Human Language Technology, Univ. do Algarve, 2009This dissertation describes and proposes a set of linguistically motivated rules for zero
anaphora resolution in the context of a natural language processing chain developed for
Portuguese. Some languages, like Portuguese, allow noun phrase (NP) deletion (or zeroing)
in several syntactic contexts in order to avoid the redundancy that would result from
repetition of previously mentioned words. The co-reference relation between the zeroed
element and its antecedent (or previous mention) in the discourse is here called zero
anaphora (Mitkov, 2002). In Computational Linguistics, zero anaphora resolution may be
viewed as a subtask of anaphora resolution and has an essential role in various Natural
Language Processing applications such as information extraction, automatic abstracting,
dialog systems, machine translation and question answering. The main goal of this
dissertation is to describe the grammatical rules imposing subject NP deletion and referential
constraints in the Brazilian Portuguese, in order to allow a correct identification of the
antecedent of the deleted subject NP. Some of these rules were then formalized into the
Xerox Incremental Parser or XIP (Ait-Mokhtar et al., 2002: 121-144) in order to constitute a
module of the Portuguese grammar (Mamede et al. 2010) developed at Spoken Language
Laboratory (L2F). Using this rule-based approach we expected to improve the performance
of the Portuguese grammar namely by producing better dependency structures with
(reconstructed) zeroed NPs for the syntactic-semantic interface. Because of the complexity
of the task, the scope of this dissertation had to be limited: (a) subject NP deletion; b) within
sentence boundaries and (c) with an explicit antecedent; besides, (d) rules were formalized
based solely on the results of the shallow parser (or chunks), that is, with minimal syntactic
(and no semantic) knowledge. A corpus of different text genres was manually annotated for
zero anaphors and other zero-shaped, usually indefinite, subjects. The rule-based
approached is evaluated and results are presented and discussed
Computational Approach to Anaphora Resolution in Spanish Dialogues
This paper presents an algorithm for identifying noun-phrase antecedents of
pronouns and adjectival anaphors in Spanish dialogues. We believe that anaphora
resolution requires numerous sources of information in order to find the
correct antecedent of the anaphor. These sources can be of different kinds,
e.g., linguistic information, discourse/dialogue structure information, or
topic information. For this reason, our algorithm uses various different kinds
of information (hybrid information). The algorithm is based on linguistic
constraints and preferences and uses an anaphoric accessibility space within
which the algorithm finds the noun phrase. We present some experiments related
to this algorithm and this space using a corpus of 204 dialogues. The algorithm
is implemented in Prolog. According to this study, 95.9% of antecedents were
located in the proposed space, a precision of 81.3% was obtained for pronominal
anaphora resolution, and 81.5% for adjectival anaphora
- …